[Biology] Ch.6: The Respiratory System

Question 1

Describe the way the the lungs branch to maximize surface area and gas exchange

Answer 1

Lungs —> bronchioles —> alveoli

Question 2

Alveoli are coated with [ 1 ] which is a detergent that [ 2 ] and prevents the alveoli from [ 3 ]

Answer 2

1) surfactant 2) lowers surface tension3) collapsing in itself

Question 3

The diaphragm is under [ 1 ] control though breathing is under [ 2 ] control

Answer 3

1) somatic 2) autonomic

Question 4

[ 1 ] between the intrapleural space and the lungs drive air into the lungs

Answer 4

Pressure differentials

Question 5

What is negative-pressure breathing

Answer 5

The driving force that drives air into the lungs is the relatively lower pressure in the intrapleural space compared with the lungs

Question 6

How do total lung capacity and and residual volume relate to each other

Answer 6

• Total lung capacity = max volume of air in the lungs when one inhales completely
• Residual volume = min volume of air when one exhales completely

Question 7

What is vital capacity of the lungs

Answer 7

Total lung capacity - residual volume

Question 8

What is tidal volume

Answer 8

Tidal volume = volume of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath

Question 9

What is the difference between expiratory reserve volume and inspiration reserve volume

Answer 9

• ERV = the volume of additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal exhalation
• IRV = the volume of additional air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal inhalation

Question 10

Ventilation is primarily regulated by a collection of neurons in the [ 1 ] called the [ 2 ] that fire rhythmically to cause regular contraction of respiratory muscles

Answer 10

1) medulla oblongata 2) ventilation center

Question 11

Chemoreceptors in the brain are primarily sensitive to [ 1 ]

Answer 11

Carbon dioxide concentration

Question 12

As partial pressure of carbon dioxide rises the respiratory rate will [ 1 ]

Answer 12

Increase

Question 13

To a limited extent we can control our breathing through the [ 1 ] (part of the brain)

Answer 13

Cerebrum

Question 14

What is the natural response of hemoglobin to the decreased carbon dioxide concentrations in the environment

Answer 14

To decrease the unloading of oxygen to tissues so other mechanisms can counteract and override the phenomenon to allow adequate delivery of oxygen (like making more red blood cells or more blood vessels)

Question 15

How does the respiratory system play a role in thermoregulation

Answer 15

Vasodilation and vasoconstriction (the entire respiratory tract is highly vascular)

Question 16

What is lysozyme

Answer 16

An enzyme in the located in the nasal cavity that attacks the peptidoglycan walls of gram positive bacteria

Question 17

What is the mucociliary escalator

Answer 17

Cilia that propel mucus up the respiratory tract to the oral cavity where it can be expelled or swallowed

Question 18

[ 1 ] populate the lungs and have performed antibodies on their surface

Answer 18

Mast cells

Question 19

What is responsible for the inflammatory chemicals that mediate allergic reactions to pollen and mold

Answer 19

Antibodies on the surface of mast cells

Question 20

Recite the equation for the bicarbonate buffer system

Answer 20

CO2(g) + H2O(l) ↔ H2CO3(aq) ↔ H^+(aq) + HCO3^-(aq)

Question 21

CO2(g) + H2O(l) ↔ H2CO3(aq) ↔ H^+(aq) + HCO3^-(aq)

Answer 21

Because H+ is a strong acid while HCO3- is a weak base