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Bio/Biochem > [Biology] Ch.1: The Cell > Flashcards

[Biology] Ch.1: The Cell Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a benefit of membrane bound organelles

A

compartmentalization of function

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2
Q

what does the nucleus contain

A

all of the genetic material necessary for replication of the cell

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3
Q

the nuclear membrane/envelope is a [ 1 ] that [ 2 ]

A

1) double membrane 2) maintains a nuclear environment separate and distinct from the cytoplasm

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4
Q

what do nuclear pores do

A

they allow for selective two-way exchange of material between the cytoplasm and the nucleus

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5
Q

in the nucleus, linear DNA is organized around [ 1 ] and then further wound to form [ 2 ]

A

1) histones 2) chromosomes

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6
Q

the location of DNA in the nucleus allows for compartmentalization of [ 1 ] from [ 2 ]

A

1) DNA transcription 2) RNA translation

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7
Q

what is the nucleolus

A

a subsection of the nucleus where ribosomal RNA is synthesized

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8
Q

contrast the outer and inner membrane of the mitochondria

A
  • outer membrane = barrier between the cytosol and inner environment
  • inner membrane = contains the molecules and enzymes necessary for the electron transport chain
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9
Q

what are cristae

A

infoldings in the mitochondrial inner membrane

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10
Q

what is the benefit of having cristae

A

they increase the surface area available for the electron transport chain enzymes

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11
Q

contrast the locations of the inter membrane space and mitochondrial matrix

A
  • intermembrane space = located between the inner and outer membranes
  • mitochondrial matrix = space inside the inner membrane
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12
Q

the pumping of protons from the [ 1 ] to the [ 2 ] establishes the proton-motive force. protons flow through [ 3 ] to generate ATP using [ 4 ]

A

1) mitochondrial matrix 2) intermembrane space 3) ATP synthase 4) oxidative phosphorylation

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13
Q

how are mitochondria different from other parts of the cell

A

they are semi autonomous, contain some of their own genes, and replicate independently of the nucleus

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14
Q

how do mitochondria replicate

A

using binary fission

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15
Q

how do mitochondria contribute to apoptosis

A

release of enzymes from the electron transport chain

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16
Q

what are lysosomes

A

membrane- bound structures containing hydrolytic enzymes capable of breaking down many different substrates, including substances ingested by endocytosis and cellular waste products

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17
Q

what happens during autolysis

A

lysosomes release their enzymes into the cell

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18
Q

what is the endoplasmic reticulum

A

a series of interconnected membranes that are actually contiguous with the nuclear envelope

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19
Q

what’s the benefit of the rough ER being studded with ribosomes

A

proteins destined for secretion an be secreted directly into its lumen

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20
Q

what are the primary functions of the smooth ER

A

lipid synthesis and detoxification of certain drugs and poisons

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21
Q

how are the smooth and rough ER related

A

the smooth ER will transport proteins from the rough ER to the golgi apparatus

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22
Q

what happens to cellular products once in the golgi apparatus

A

they are modified by the addition of various groups (including carbohydrates, sulfates, and phosphates)

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23
Q

how are products in the golgi modified to direct them to correct cellular locations

A

using the introduction of signal sequences

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24
Q

peroxisomes contain [ 1 ]

A

hydrogen peroxide

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25
Q

what is the primary function of peroxisomes

A

the breakdown of very long fatty acid chains via beta- oxidation

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26
Q

peroxisomes also participate in [ 1 ] and contain some of the enzymes involved in the [ 2 ] pathway

A

1) phospholipid synthesis 2) pentose phosphate

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27
Q

the cytoskeleton provides [ 1 ] to the cell and helps it maintain its [ 2 ]

A

1) structure 2) shape

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28
Q

True or False: the cytoskeleton is involved in the transport of materials around the cell

A

true

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29
Q

what are the three components of the cytoskeleton

A

microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filament proteins

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30
Q

what are microfilaments made up of

A

solid polymerized rods of actin

31
Q

actin filaments are resistant to both [ 1 ] and [ 2 ]

A

1) compression 2) fracture

32
Q

describe cytokinesis

A

the division of materials between daughter cells

33
Q

True of False: microfilaments form the cleavage furrow (ring at the site of division between two daughter cells

A

true

34
Q

what are microtubules

A

hollow polymers of tubulin proteins

35
Q

microtubules form the primary pathways along which motor proteins like [ 1 ] and [ 2 ] carry vesicles

A

1) kinesin and 2) dynein

36
Q

what is the difference between cilia and flagella

A
  • cilia = primarily involved in movement of materials along cell surface
  • flagella = involved in movement of the cell itself
37
Q

what are centrioles

A

the organizing centers for microtubules

38
Q

what are intermediate filament proteins involved in

A

cell-cell adhesion and maintenance of overall integrity of the cytoskeleton

39
Q

intermediate filament proteins are resistant to [ 1 ]

A

strain from tension

40
Q

what is the relationship between intermediate filament proteins and other organelles

A

intermediate filament proteins help anchor organelles

41
Q

True or False: the identity of intermediate filament proteins within a cell is random

A

False. The identity of intermediate filament proteins within a cell is specific to the cell and tissue type

42
Q

what are the four tissue types

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue

43
Q

where is epithelial tissue located

A

it covers the body and lines its cavities

44
Q

what is the relationship between epithelial tissue and pathogen invasion and desiccation

A

epithelial tissue provides a mean of protection against pathogen invasion and desiccation

45
Q

how do epithelial cells remain one cohesive unit

A

they are tightly joined to each other and an underlying layer of connective tissue

46
Q

in most organs, epithelial cells constitutes the parenchyma ([ 1 ])

A

the functional parts of the organ

47
Q

explain the polarity of epithelial cells

A
  • one side faces the lumen (hollow inside of an organ/ tube) OR the outside world
  • one side interacts with underlying blood vessels and structural cells
48
Q

what are the three classifications of epithelial cells based on layering

A
  • simple epithelia (one layer of cells)
  • stratified epithelia (multiple layers of cells)
  • pseudostratified epithelia (look like multiple layers of cells due to cell height but it’s only one layer)
49
Q

what’s the difference between cuboidal, columnar, and squamous cells

A
  • cuboidal = cube shaped
  • columnar = long and thin
  • squamous = flat and scale like
50
Q

what is the stroma

A

support structure of an organ

51
Q

most cells in connective tissues produce and secrete materials such as collagen and elastin to form [ 1 ]

A

the extracellular matrix

52
Q

what is the difference between mutualistic symbiotes and pathogens/ parasites

A
  • mutualistic symbiotes = both humans and the bacteria benefit from the relationship
  • pathogens/parasites = no advantage or benefit to the host and can cause disease
53
Q

what is the difference in shape between cocci, bacilli, and spirilli bacteria

A
  • cocci = spherical
  • bacilli = rod-shaped
  • spirilli = spiral shaped
54
Q

what are obligate aerobes

A

bacteria that require oxygen for metabolism

55
Q

what are anaerobes

A

bacteria that use fermentation or some other form of cellular metabolism that does not require oxygen

56
Q

why can’t obligate anaerobes survive in an oxygen-containing environment

A

the presence of oxygen leads to the production of reactive oxygen-containing radicals

57
Q

what’s the difference between facultative anaerobes and aerotolerant anaerobes

A
  • facultative = can toggle between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism depending on the presence of oxygen
  • aerotolerant = unable to use oxygen for metabolism but not harmed by its presence in the environment
58
Q

what’s different between gram positive and negative bacteria

A

gram negative has much more peptidoglycan in the cell wall and lipoteichoic acid

59
Q

what are plasmids

A

small circular structures containing DNA acquired from external sources

60
Q

how do prokaryotes reproduce

A

asexual reproduction in the form of binary fission

61
Q

what is bacterial transformation

A

the integration of foreign genetic material into the host genome

62
Q

what is bacterial conjugation

A

the bacterial form of mating

63
Q

what is the F factor

A

the fertility factor that enables cells to transfer copies of their plasmids to other bacteria

64
Q

what is transduction

A

the only genetic recombination process that requires a vector (a virus) to carry genetic material from one bacteria to another

65
Q

what are transposons

A

genetic elements capable of inserting removing themselves from the genome

66
Q

what are the four stages of the bacterial growth curve

A

the lag phase, the exponential phase, stationary phase, the death phase

67
Q

what are viruses composed of

A

genetic material, a protein coat, and sometimes an envelope containing lipids

68
Q

why are viruses considered obligate parasites

A

they cannot reproduce independently

69
Q

what’s the difference between single stranded positive sense and negative sense RNA viruses

A
  • positive sense = the genome can be directly translated to functional proteins by the ribosome of the host cell (like mRNA)
  • negative sense = require synthesis of RNA strand complementary to the negative sense RNA strand which can then be used as a template for protein synthesis
70
Q

negative-sense RNA viruses must carry RNA replicase to ensure [ 1 ]

A

the complementary strand is synthesized

71
Q

what are retroviruses

A

Single-stranded RNA viruses carrying reverse transcriptase which synthesizes DNA from single-stranded RNA

72
Q

how do retroviruses evade the host immune system

A

the viral DNA is incorporated into the host cell’s DNA and is transcribed as if it were the host’s own DNA

73
Q

can viruses infect any kind of cell; why or why not

A

no. they can only infect a specific cell type because they have to bind to specific receptors on a host cell to infect it

74
Q

what is the lytic vs lysogenic cycle

A
  • lytic = virus replicates until the cell lyses

- lysogenic = viral DNA becomes part of the host’s DNA and replicates accordingly

Bio/Biochem (24 decks)

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