Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio/Biochem > [Biology] Ch.5: The Endocrine System > Flashcards

[Biology] Ch.5: The Endocrine System Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus

A

Type 1 is an autoimmune disease in which insulin-producing cells in the islets of Langerhans are destroyed and type 2 is caused by end-organ insensitivity to insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What do hormones do at the tissue when they bind to receptors

A

They induce a change in gene expression or cellular functioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the three kinds of hormones

A

Peptides, steroids, or amino acid derivatives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are peptide hormones derived from

A

From larger precursor polypeptides that are cleaved during posttranslational modification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where do peptide hormones bind

A

Extracellular receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are some common second messengers

A

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), inositol triphosphate (IP3), and calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What’s an example of cAMP intracellular targets

A

Protein kinase A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why is protein kinase A able to have a rapid or slow effect on the cell

A

Because they can modify other enzymes as well as transcription factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Steroid hormones are derived from [ 1 ] and are produced primarily by the [ 2 ] and the [ 3 ]

A

1) cholesterol 2) gonads 3) adrenal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Steroid hormone receptors are usually [ 1 ] or [ 2 ]

A

1) intracellular 2) intranuclear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why are the effects of steroid hormones slower but longer lived than that of peptide hormones

A

Because steroid hormones cause alterations to the amount of mRNA and protein present in a cell by direct action on DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are epinephrine, norepinephrine, triiodothyronine, and thyroxine examples of

A

Amino acid-derivative hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are thyroid hormones made from and what is the difference between them

A

They’re made of tyrosine and differ with the number of iodines added

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) bind [ 1 ] while the thyroid hormones bind [ 2 ]

A

1) G protein-coupled receptors 2) intracellularly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the difference between direct and tropic hormones

A

Direct hormone act directly on target tissue while tropic hormones require an intermediary to act

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are two examples of tropic hormones

A

GnRH and LH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Why do tropic hormones usually originate in the brain and anterior pituitary

A

These structures are involved in coordination of multiple processes within the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

[ 1 ] and [ 2 ] have extremely fast onset but are short lived like [ 3 ] hormones

A

1) epinephrine 2) norepinephrine 3) peptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

[ 1 ] and [ 2 ] have slower onset but a longer duration like [ 3 ] hormones

A

1) thyroxine 2) triiodothyronine 3) steroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Most peptide and amino acid-derivative hormones have names that end in [ 1 ] or [ 2 ] and most steroid hormones have names that end in [ 3 ], [ 4 ], or [ 5 ]

A

1) -in 2) -ine 3) -one 4) -ol 5) -oid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

List the endocrine glands (8)

A

The hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, gonads, and pineal gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where is the hypothalamus located; what are nearby structures

A

In the forebrain directly above the pituitary gland and below the thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How does the hypothalamus control the pituitary

A

Through paracrine release of hormone into a portal system that directly connects the two organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How is release of hormones from the hypothalamus regulated

A

Through negative feedback

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the benefit of negative feedback

A

Prevents wasted energy by restricting the production of substances that are already present in sufficient quantities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What four hormones released by the hypothalamus lead to release of by the anterior pituitary

A
  • Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
  • Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
  • Thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH)
  • Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What does GnRH stimulate the anterior pituitary to release

A

FSH and LH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What does GHRH stimulate the anterior pituitary to release

A

Growth hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What does TRH stimulate the anterior pituitary to release

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What does CRF stimulate the anterior pituitary to release

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the relationship between the hypothalamus and prolactin

A

The hypothalamus secretes prolactin-inhibiting factor (PIF) (which is actually dopamine) and causes a decrease in prolactin secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How does the posterior pituitary receive tropic hormones

A

Neurons in the hypothalamus send their axons down the pituitary stalk directly into the posterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What two hormones does the posterior pituitary release

A

Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What does oxytocin do

A

Stimulates uterine contractions during labor and milk letdown during lactation + there’s evidence it’s involved in bonding behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Recite the mnemonic for the products of the anterior pituitary

A

FLAT PEG

  • Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • Luteinizing hormone (LH)
  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  • Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • Prolactin
  • Endorphins
  • Growth hormone (GH)

the FLAT hormones are all tropic hormones and the PEG hormones are all direct hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Why is prolactin more important in females than in males

A

It stimulates milk production in the mammary glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What do endorphins do

A

They decrease the perception of pain

38
Q

What does growth hormone do

A

It promotes growth of bone and muscle

39
Q

How does growth hormone increase the availability of glucose for muscle and bone

A

It prevents glucose uptake in certain tissues and stimulates the breakdown of fatty acids

40
Q

Why is oxytocin unusual

A

It’s regulated by positive feedback

41
Q

What are the two major functions of the thyroid

A

Setting basal metabolic rate and calcium homeostasis

42
Q

What are the shorthand’s for triiodothyronine and thyroxine

A

T3 and T4 respectively

43
Q

What 3 ways does calcitonin use to decrease plasma calcium levels

A
  • Increased calcium excretion from the kidney
  • Decreased calcium absorption from the gut
  • Increased storage of calcium in the bone
44
Q

What is the relationship between parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin

A

PTH serves as an antagonistic hormone to calcitonin

45
Q

What does PTH do

A

It raises blood calcium levels by decreasing the excretion of calcium by the kidneys and increasing the absorption of calcium in the gut (via vitamin D) and increasing bone reabsorption

46
Q

How does PTH play a role in phosphate homeostasis

A

reabsorbing phosphate from bone and reducing phosphate reabsorption in the kidneys (leading to it being excreted in urine)

47
Q

Does PTH have a net effect on phosphate levels

A

Not really because it activates vitamin D (which helps with both calcium and phosphate reabsorption)

48
Q

What are the four critical functions of calcium

A
  • Bone structure and strength
  • Release of neurotransmitters from neurons
  • Regulation of muscle contraction
  • Clotting of blood (calcium is a cofactor)
49
Q

What role does calcium play on a (single) cellular level

A
  • Cell movement

- Exocytosis of cellular materials

50
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located

A

On top of the kidneys

51
Q

What are the similarities and the difference between glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and cortical sex hormones

A
  • All steroid hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex
  • Glucocorticoids = regulate glucose levels
  • Mineralocorticoids = salt and water homeostasis
  • Cortical sex hormones = sex-related development and such
52
Q

Recite the mnemonic to remember the functions of the corticosteroids

A

S^3

  • Salt (mineralocorticoids)
  • Sugar (glucocorticoids)
  • Sex (cortical sex hormones)
53
Q

Why is the adrenal medulla a part of the sympathetic nervous system

A

It produces the sympathetic hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine

54
Q

The pancreas has [ 1 ] and [ 2 ] functions

A

1) exocrine 2) endocrine

55
Q

What to the alpha, beta, and delta cells of the islets of larger Hans produce

A

Glucagon, insulin, and somatostatin respectively

56
Q

What is the relationship between somatostatin, insulin, and glucagon

A

Somatostatin is an inhibitor of insulin and glucagon secretion

57
Q

What stimulates the secretion of somatostatin

A

High blood glucose and amino acid concentrations

58
Q

What is the function of somatostatin when secreted by the hypothalamus

A

It decreases growth hormone secretion

59
Q

The testes secrete [ 1 ] and the ovaries secrete [ 2 ] and [ 3 ] in response to [ 4 ] (FSH and LH)

A

1) testosterone 2) estrogen 3) progesterone 4) gonadotropins

60
Q

Where is the pineal gland located and what does it secrete

A

It is located deep in the brain and secretes melatonin

61
Q

What stimulates the kidneys to produce erythropoietin

A

Low oxygen levels in the blood

62
Q

Erythropoietin stimulates [ 1 ] to increase production of [ 2 ]

A

1) Bone marrow 2) erythrocytes

63
Q

Why does the heart release atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

A

To help regulate salt and water balance

64
Q

What stimulates the heart to secrete ANP

A

When cells in the atria are stretched from excess blood volume

65
Q

Where is the thymus located

A

Located behind the sternum

66
Q

What does thymosin, the hormone secreted by the thymus, do

A

It is important for proper T cell development and differentiation

67
Q

The hypothalamus is the bridge between the [ 1 ] and [ 2 ] systems

A

1) nervous 2) endocrine

68
Q

describe the source, type, and action of: Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A
  • Anterior pituitary
  • Peptide
  • Stimulates follicle maturation in females and spermatogenesis in males
69
Q

describe the source, type, and action of: Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A
  • Anterior pituitary
  • Peptide
  • Stimulates ovulation in females and testosterone synthesis in males
70
Q

describe the source, type, and action of: Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A
  • Anterior pituitary
  • Peptide
  • Stimulates the adrenal cortex to synthesize and secrete glucocorticoids
71
Q

describe the source, type, and action of: Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A
  • Anterior pituitary
  • Peptide
  • Stimulates the thyroid to produce thyroid hormones
72
Q

describe the source, type, and action of: Prolactin

A
  • Anterior pituitary
  • Peptide
  • Stimulates milk production and secretion
73
Q

describe the source, type, and action of: Endorphins

A
  • Anterior pituitary
  • Peptide
  • Decreases sensation of pain; can promote euphoria
74
Q

describe the source, type, and action of: Growth hormone (GH)

A
  • Anterior pituitary
  • Peptide
  • Stimulates growth and muscle growth; raises blood glucose levels
75
Q

describe the source, type, and action of: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH; vasopressin)

A
  • Hypothalamus (released by posterior pituitary)
  • Peptide
  • Stimulates water reabsorption in the kidneys by increasing permeability of collecting duct
76
Q

describe the source, type, and action of: Oxytocin

A
  • Hypothalamus (released by posterior pituitary)
  • Peptide
  • Stimulates uterine contractions during labor and milk secretion during lactation; may promote bonding behavior
77
Q

describe the source, type, and action of: Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)

A
  • Thyroid (follicular cells)
  • Amino-acid derivative
  • Stimulates metabolic activity
78
Q

describe the source, type, and action of: Calcitonin

A
  • Thyroid (parafollicular or C cells)
  • Peptide
  • Decreases blood calcium concentrations
79
Q

describe the source, type, and action of: Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A
  • Parathyroids
  • Peptide
  • Increases blood calcium concentrations
80
Q

describe the source, type, and action of: Glucocorticoids (cortisol and cortisone) (3)

A
  • Adrenal cortex
  • Steroid
  • Increases blood glucose concentrations; decreases protein synthesis; anti inflammatory
81
Q

describe the source, type, and action of: Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) (2)

A
  • Adrenal cortex
  • Steroid
  • Increases water reabsorption in the kidneys by increasing sodium reabsorption; promotes potassium and hydrogen ion excretion
82
Q

describe the source, type, and action of: Epinephrine and norepinephrine (3)

A
  • Adrenal medulla
  • Amino acid-derivative
  • Increases blood glucose concentrations and heart rate; dilates bronchi; alters blood flow patterns
83
Q

describe the source, type, and action of: Glucagon

A
  • Pancreas (alpha cells)
  • Peptide
  • Stimulates glycogen breakdown (glycogenolysis); increases blood glucose concentrations
84
Q

describe the source, type, and action of: Insulin

A
  • Pancreas (beta cells)
  • Peptide
  • Lowers blood glucose concentrations and increases anabolic processes
85
Q

describe the source, type, and action of: Somatostatin

A
  • Pancreas (delta cells)
  • Peptide
  • Suppresses secretion of glucagon and insulin
86
Q

describe the source, type, and action of: Testosterone

A
  • Testis (and adrenal cortex)
  • Steroid
  • Develops and maintains male reproductive system and male secondary sex characteristics
87
Q

describe the source, type, and action of: Estrogen

A
  • Ovary (and placenta)
  • Steroid
  • Develops and maintains female reproductive system and female secondary sex characteristics
88
Q

describe the source, type, and action of: Progesterone

A
  • Ovary (and placenta)
  • Steroid
  • Promotes maintenance of the endometrium
89
Q

describe the source, type, and action of: Melatonin

A
  • Pineal gland
  • Peptide
  • Involved in circadian rhythms
90
Q

describe the source, type, and action of: Erythropoietin

A
  • Kidney
  • Peptide
  • Stimulates bone marrow to produce erythrocytes
91
Q

describe the source, type, and action of: Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

A
  • Heart (atria)
  • Peptide
  • Promotes salt and water excretion
92
Q

describe the source, type, and action of: Thymosin

A
  • Thymus
  • Peptide
  • Stimulates T-cell development

Bio/Biochem (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions