Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio/Biochem > [Biology] Ch. 7: The Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

[Biology] Ch. 7: The Cardiovascular System Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the major components of the cardiovascular system

A

Four-chambered heart, blood vessels, and blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The heart is composed predominantly of

A

Cardiac muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The right side of the heart accepts [ 1 ] blood returning from the body and moves it to the [ 2 ] by way of the [ 3 ]

A

1) deoxygenated 2) lungs 3) pulmonary arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The left side of the heart receives [ 1 ] blood from the [ 2 ] by way of the [ 3 ] and forces it out to the body through the [ 4 ]

A

1) oxygenated 2) lungs 3) pulmonary veins 4) aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the two forms of circulation in the heart

A

Pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The atria are [ 1 ] structures where the blood is received from either the [ 2 ] or the [ 3 ]

A

1) thin-walled 2) venae cavae 3) pulmonary veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What’s the difference between the vena cavae and the pulmonary veins

A

Venae cavae = deoxygenated blood pulmonary veins = oxygenated blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The atria contract to push blood into the [ 1 ]

A

Ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

After the ventricles fill they contract to send blood to the [ 1 ] and [ 2 ]

A

1) lungs 2) systemic circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why are ventricles much more muscular than the atria

A

To allow for more powerful contractions necessary to push blood through the rest of the cardiovascular system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Recite the mnemonic to remember the atrioventricular valves

A

LAB RAT

  • Left Atrium = Bicuspid valve
  • Right Atrium = Tricuspid valve
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the name of the valves that separate the ventricles

A

Semilunar valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The right ventricle feeds into [ 1 ] and the left ventricle feeds into [ 2 ]

A

1) pulmonary circulation 2) aorta / systemic circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the two valves associated with the ventricles

A

The pulmonary valve and the aortic valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the four electrically excitable structures that coordinate the rhythmic contraction of cardiac muscle (in order)

A

The sinoatrial node (SA), the atrioventricular node (AV), the bundle of His (AV bundle) and its branches, and the Purkinjie fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Impulse initiation in the heart doesn’t require [ 1 ]

A

Neurological input

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Depolarization from the [ 1 ] causes the two atria to contract simultaneously

A

SA node

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Muscle cells in the heart are connected by [ 1 ] which contain many gap junctions directly connecting the [ 2 ] of adjacent cells, thereby allowing for coordinated [ 3 ]

A

1) intercalated discs 2) cytoplasm 3) ventricular contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the role of neurological input to heart contraction

A

It’s important in speeding up and slowing down the rate of contraction (but not generating it in the first place)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic effect on the speed and contractility of cardiac muscle

A
  • Sympathetic = signal speeds up the heart rate and increases contractility
  • Parasympathetic = slows down heart beat
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the difference between systole and diastole

A
  • Systole = ventricular contraction, closure of the AV valve, blood pumped put of the ventricles
  • Diastole = heart is relaxed, semilunar valves close, blood from the atria fills the ventricles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What would happen if large arteries didn’t have elasticity

A

Diastolic blood pressure would plummet to zero

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is cardiac output

A

It’s the total blood volume pumped by a ventricle in a minute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is cardiac output a product of

A

Heart rate (beats per minute) * stroke volume (volume of blood pumped per beat)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the three major types of blood vessels

A

Arteries, veins, and capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Why are all blood vessels lined with endothelial cells

A
  • They help maintain the vessel by releasing chemicals that aid in vasodilation and constriction
  • Allow white blood cells to pass through the vessel wall and into tissues during inflammatory response
  • They release certain chemicals when damaged that are necessary in the formation of blood clots to repair the vessel and stop bleeding
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the main structural similarity and difference between veins and arteries

A

Similarly = made of the same types of cells, difference = smooth muscle and thin veins

28
Q

What are the two kinds of arteries that carry deoxygenated blood

A

Pulmonary arteries and umbilical arteries

29
Q

Why is the left side of the heart thicker than the right side of the heart

A

left heart must generate much higher pressure to overcome the resistance from systemic arteries

30
Q

The thin walls of the capillary allows easy diffusion of [ 1 ], [ 2 ], and [ 3 ]

A

1) gases 2) nutrients (most notably, glucose) 3) wastes

31
Q

Why do larger veins contain valves

A

As blood flows forward in the veins the valves open and when blood tries to move backward the valves will slam shut

32
Q

What causes varicose veins

A

When venous valves fails

33
Q

What’s the relation between veins and skeletal muscle

A

Skeletal muscles squeeze the veins when they contract

34
Q

The superior vena cava returns blood from portions of the body [ 1 ] the heart while the inferior vena cava returns blood from portions of the body [ 2 ] the heart

A

1) above 2) below

35
Q

By volume blood is [ 1 ] % liquid and [ 2 ] % cells

A

1) 55 2) 45

36
Q

What is blood plasma

A

It’s the liquid portion of blood (aqueous mixture of nutrients, salts, respiratory gases, hormones, and blood proteins

37
Q

What are the three major cellular components of blood

A

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

38
Q

Why is there low solubility of molecular oxygen

A

Because it’s nonpolar

39
Q

What is the benefit of the shape of red blood cells

A

Help traveling through tiny capillaries + increased surface area for gas exchange

40
Q

Why are red blood cells unable to carry out oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP. Why do they rely mainly on glycolysis for ATP

A

Because they lose mitochondria when they mature

41
Q

What are erythropoietin and thrombopoietin

A

Hormones that trigger hematopoiesis

42
Q

What does erythropoietin do and where is it secreted from

A
  • Stimulates red blood cell development

- Secreted by the kidney

43
Q

What does thrombopoietin do and where is it secreted from

A
  • Stimulates platelet development

- Secreted by the liver

44
Q

What do red blood cells display on their surface

A

Antigens

45
Q

What do people with type O blood express on their cell surface

A

Nothing; no antigens

46
Q

Which blood type is a universal donor and which type is a universal acceptor

A
  • Universal donor = O blood type (produces antibodies against everything but has no antigens to licit an immune response)
  • Universal acceptor = AB blood type (makes no antibodies to anything)
47
Q

Rh-positivity follows [ 1 ] inheritance and one positive allele is [ 2 ]

A

1) autosomal dominant 2) enough for the protein to be expressed

48
Q

When is Rh factor status particularly important

A

In maternal-fetal medicine

49
Q

What is blood pressure a measure of

A

force per unit area exerted on the wall of the blood vessels

50
Q

What do you measure blood pressure with

A

Sphygmomanometer

51
Q

How is blood pressure regulated

A

Using baroreceptors in the walls of the vasculature

52
Q

Does the cardiovascular system have an effective way of decreasing blood pressure

A

No

53
Q

Why isn’t atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) effective at lowering blood pressure

A

It’s a weak diuretic

54
Q

What is oxygen saturation

A

The percentage of hemoglobin molecules carrying oxygen

55
Q

Why isn’t CO2 carried by hemoglobin

A

Hemoglobin has a much lower affinity for CO2 than for oxygen

56
Q

What is the main method to carry the CO2 in the blood

A

As the bicarbonate ion

57
Q

What do right and left shifts in the oxyhemoglobin curve represent

A

Right shift = decrease in hemoglobin affinity, left shift = increase in hemoglobin affinity

58
Q

How would the fetal hemoglobin graph look compared to the hemoglobin graph

A

It would be shifted left

59
Q

If there’s a right shift in the hemoglobin curve what would be the implications of that

A

Decreased affinity of to hemoglobin allows more oxygen to be unloaded at the tissues

60
Q

The bicarbonate buffer system links the [ 1 ] and [ 2 ] system

A

1) respiratory 2) renal

61
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure

A

The force per unit area that the blood exerts against the vessel wall

62
Q

What happens when the endothelium of a blood vessel is damaged

A

It exposes the underlying connective tissue that contains collagen and tissue factor (a protein)

63
Q

When platelets come in contact with [ 1 ] they sense the evidence of injury

A

Exposed collagen

64
Q

What do platelets do when they sense injury

A

They release their contents and begin to aggregate/clump together

65
Q

What is the endpoint of the coagulation cascade

A

The activation of prothrombin to form thrombin by thromboplastin

66
Q

[ 1 ] converts fibrinogen into fibrin which ultimately forms [ 2 ], like a net, that captures red blood cells and other platelets forming a stable clot over the area of damage

A

1) Thrombin 2) small fibers that aggregate and cross link into a woven structure

67
Q

What does plasmin do

A

degrades many blood plasma proteins, including fibrin clots

Bio/Biochem (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions