Biology Ch 1,2,7,8 Flashcards
1
Q
What is Science?
A
Science:
- Seeks to explain things in the natural world
- Organizes info by looking for patterns, and making connections
- Proposed explanations based on evidence
2
Q
Science is not
A
A set of facts
3
Q
What are the three goals of Science?
A
1) Explain a natural explanation for things that happen in the natural world to:
- understand patterns in nature
- predict natural events
4
Q
What are the steps of the scientific method?
A
1) observe
2) Infer
logical interpretation based on previous knowledge
3) hypothesis
Scientific explanation for a set of observations (can be tested)
4) control expiriment
5) collect and analyze data
6) conclude
6) communicate results
5
Q
What are the components of an experiment
A
- controlled experiment: only one variable is changed, the rest stay the same
- control group: exposed to the same condition as the experimental group, except for one independent variable
-independent variable: variable that is deliberately changed in an experiment
- dependent variable: the observed variable changes in response to the independent variable
- data: the detailed records of experimental observation that is gathered info
- constant: variables that are kept the same
6
Q
what are the four scientific attitudes?
A
1) curiosity- what, why, when, how
2) skepticism- questions existing data
3) open-mindedness- accept differences
4) creativity- outside the box
7
Q
What is bias and why is it bad?
A
Bias is a particular preference or point of view that is personal rather than scientific. Bias can cause problems in valuing one opinion over the other leading to false results.
8
Q
Difference between fact vs. theory
A
Fact is something that can be tested and proven. The theory is a possible explanation of an observation in the natural world.
9
Q
What are the characteristics of life?
A
living things…
- Grow and develop
increase in size, mature, gain the ability to perform functions
- Respond to their environment
detect and react to stimuli - Reproduce
sexually or asexually - Maintaining a stable environment
(homeostasis) - are made up of cells
cells can grow, reproduce - evolve or change over time
microevolution - are based on a universal genetic code
DNA - Obtain and use material energy
(metabolism)
10
Q
how does the metric system translate
A
1km -> 1000 meters
.45 leter -> 450 ml
5000 mg -> 5g
130m -> 13 km
2500 ml -> 2.5 L
100mm -> 0.1 ml
11
Q
Fields of biology (3)
A
Global Ecology
- From a molecular level (smallest and most specific) to global
Biotechnology
-use of biology to develop new products to improve health
Molecular biology
- Study of molecules
12
Q
Sub-Atomic molecules
A
Proton (+)
Neutron (nothing)
Electron (-)
Make up the mass of an element
13
Q
Isotopes vs Elements
A
Elements have the same number of protons and neutrons. Isotopes have different amounts of neutrons.
14
Q
Chemical element
A
consists entirely of one type of element
15
Q
Atomic Mass
A
Total number of protons and neutrons in an atom
16
Q
Compounds
A
Substances formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements
17
Q
Van Der Waals forces *
A
Regions on a molecule that have a tiny positive or negative charge
18
Q
Molecule
A
The smallest unit of most compounds
19
Q
Isotope
A
Same element with different amounts of neutrons
20
Q
Ion
A
Positively and negatively charged atoms
21
Q
What are the properties of water?
A
- Polar!
- Cohesion
- Adhesion
- Floats when frozen (molecules spread out)
- High heat capacity
22
Q
Cohesion
A
attraction between molecules of the SAME substance
23
Q
Adhesion
A
attraction between molecules of DIFFERENT substance
24
Q
Heat Capacity
A
Amount of energy needed to raise a substance’s temperature by making its molecules move faster
24
Meniscus effect / Capillary Action
When adhesion occurs between water and a beaker/container and the water level rises around the edges
25
Solution
Mixture where the components are evenly distributed
26
Suspension
Mixture of water and non-dissolved substances (milk)
27
solute
substance being dissolved
27
Solvent
Substance where something else is being dissolved (water)
28
What dissolves well in water?
Ionic compounds
Polar molecules (hydrophilic)
29
Acids
- Have a pH below 7
- more H+ than OH-
30
Bases
- Have a pH above 7
- More OH- than H+
31
Hydrogen bond
a weak bond between two molecules already participating in other chemical bonds.
32
Organic Chemistry
Study of compounds that contain bonds between carbon & hydrogen
33
What are the organic molecules (4)
- Sugars
- Oils
- Proteins
- Starches
34
What elements does carbon bond w/ to make life molecules?
- Hydrogen
- Phosphorus
- Oxygen
- Sulfur
- Nitrogen
35
Monomer
One molecule
36
Polymer
more than one molecule
37
What are the four macromolecules and what do they do?
Carbohydrates:
main src of energy, and structural functions
Lipids/ Tryglycerides:
store energy functions, biological hormones
(three fatty acids)
Proteins: General structure of amino acids (a monomer unit)
Nucleic Acids: Store and transmit genetic information
*(5 carbon sugar, phosphate group and nitrogen base)
38
Dehydration and Hydration
De: releases water to make bonds
Hydra: adding a water molecule to break bonds
39
Nucleotides
DNA:
RNA
ATP:
40
What is a chemical reaction?
When multiple elements bond chemically and result in a reaction
41
Absorbing chemical reaction
endothermic. chemical reaction that absorbs heat from its environment. The absorbed energy provides the activation energy for the reaction to occur.
42
Releasing chemical reaction
exothermic.more energy is released when the bonds are formed in the products than is used to break the bonds in the reactants.
43
enzymes
proteins that act as a biological catalyst
44
catalyst
substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
45
enzyme-substrate complex
a temporary molecule formed when the substrate binds to the enzyme.
46
Three components of the cell theory
1) All living things are made up of cells
2) Cells are the basic units of structure and functions in living things
- Atoms are the structure of cells
3) New cells are produced only from existing cells
47
Light Microscope vs Electron microscope
Light has:
- big wave length
- light
- lenses
- magnification upto 1000x
- transports specimen
Electron has:
- smaller wavelength
- magnification to 1,000,000 times
- virus/dna molecules
48
what is a micrograph?
a photo of an object through a microscope
49
Prokaryotes...
Are bacteria
- no nucleus
- unicellular (1)
50
Eukaryotes..
- Protists
- Amoeba (unicellular)
- have organelles
- multicellular
51
Nucleus
control center, contains DNA
52
Vacuole
membrane-bound cell organelle;Stores molecules for later use
52
Cytoskeleton
Keeps organelles in place, and structure of cell
52
Ribosomes
make proteins & amino acids
52
Chloroplasts
captures light energy to make glucose
52
mitochondria
breaks down glucose to make ATp
52
Lysosomes
trash can;
- digests and recycles cellular waste and
52
passive transport
movement across cells w/o cellular energy
52
Rough ER
connected to ribosomes, modifies proteins, and sends them away
- has ribosomes on surface
- smooth ER doesnt
52
Golgi Apparatus
modifies proteins from rough ER
53
Cell membrane
regulates cell's activities (in and out), protects & supports cell
53
contractile vacuole
pumps excess water out of cell
53
concentration
relative amt of one substance in another
53
diffusion
particles move from an area of high concentration to an area of loc concentration (gradient)
53
Osmosis
the diffusion of water through aquaporins (specialized protein channels)
53
facilitated diffusion
passive transport; molecules that pass through special protein channels
54
Isotonic substances
Same strength; when both sides of the membrane maintain equilibrium
55
hypertonic substances
above strength, the concentration outside cell is higher
- maple syrup
56
hypotonic substances
below strength, the concentration is lower
57
types of bulk transport
**endocytosis**: takes in large cells by *infoldings/pockets*
- Pinocytosis (cell drinking)
**phagocytosis**: extension of cytoplasm *surrounds particle* and eats it
**exocytosis**: transports bulk cells by *fusing vesicle with the cells *membrane
58
Photosynthesis equation, its reactants, and products
6H20 + 6CO2 -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
- Water and Carbon dioxide into Glucose and Oxygen
59
What is the thylakoid, and what happens in it
light-dependent reaction;
- Produces ATP, NADPH
- Takes in light energy & H2O
- Releases O2 as a byproduct
- gives the Calvin cycle its energy
60
Whats the Calvin Cycle and what happens in it (simplified)
Light-independent reaction
- Used ATP, NADPH turns into ADP, NADP+
- Takes in CO2 and ATP from Thylakoid
- Releases glucose
61
Abiotic VS Biotic
Abiotic is nonliving components
Bioting is living components
62
Describe the Food Chain
Producer: Autotroph, start of chain
Primary consumer: herbivore, eats producer
Secondary consumer: eats primary consumer
Tertiary consumer: carnivore
Apex predator: top of the food chain
Reducer: eats corpses
63
Electron transport Chain
Photosystem II: absorbs sunlight, turns water into oxygen, energizes electrons
Electron carrier: carries energized electrons to transport hydrogen bonds into the thylakoid
- Pumps against gradient
Photosystem I: re-energizes electrons, gives one to NADP+ into NADPH
ATP synthase: hydrogen ions carried into stroma, bonds ADP with phosphate group into ATP
64
Full form of ADP and ATP
ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate
ADP: Adenosine Diphosphate
65
What are pigments, and how do they work?
- **coloured molecules** found in a plant or animal cell.
- make things appear to be certain colours because *they absorb and reflect different wavelengths of light*.
66
What are the roles of Accessory pigments?
**assisting chlorophyll **a with the absorption of light. (*@ different wavelengths of light*)
67
Draw and label chloroplast
- Outer membrane
- Inner membrane
- Stroma
- Granum
- Thylakoid
68
What is Chemiosmosis?
the electron transport chain (The process through which cells produce ATP for energy in the cellular respiration process)
69
What factors affect photosynthesis? Why?
water:
* Less water in the soil *reduces rate* of photosynthesis
light intensity:
intensity of the *sunlight increases*, rate of *photosynthesis also increases*.
carbon dioxide concentration:
*Increase in CO2* concentration in air leads to an *increased rate of photosynthesis.*
temperature: If the temperature is too cold or too hot, it decreases photosynthesis.
70
How do plants accomplish photosynthesis in extreme conditions (high temperatures, limited water)?
the plants may slow down the process of photosynthesis or even stop it.
- **Close stomata when hot, or during the day** and **SUCKS in CO2** to store inside plant.
- *Stores large amounts of water* inside plant
71
the difference between ATP and glucose in storing biochemical energy
- ATP
- smaller
**- for immediate energy within cell
**- stores between phosphate bonds
glucose
- larger/complex.
**- storage form of energy
**- broken down over time to produce ATP.
- stores energy chemical bonds in carbon atoms.
72
Describe the Calvin cycle (in-depth)
1) Carbon Fixation
- **Rubisco fixating with CO2**, creating a Carbon 6 molecule
- breaks up into two Carbon 3 molecules
2) Reduction
- ATP gives away phosphate group
- NADPH makes **G3P**
- Some is released, some stays
3) RUBP Regeneration
- One G3P needs 9 ATP, 6 NADPH
-** (15 Carbon)**
73
What are C3 Plants, what do they specialize in?
**utilize the C3 carbon fixation pathway** during photosynthesis. "C3" refers to the three-carbon compound produced during the first step of carbon fixation.
74
What are C4 Plants, and what do they specialize in?
Warm and Hot environments;
- Closes stomata when hot, blocking CO2 from entering
- Has a pre-Calvin cycle cycle to regulate carbon
- Uses three carbons to make four
75
What are CAM Plants, and
what do they specialize in?
In Deserts;
- Closes stomata during the day, because of heat and collects CO2 at night
- Sucks in Co2 to store A LOT of CO2 and Water
- Mostly made of water (has a river)
- 4 Carbons before calvin cycle
76
Describe the relationship between science and society.
The interaction between science and society ensures that knowledge is exchanged, tested and reflected between the various interest groups.
77
What are the major components of a microscope?
Mechanical part - base, c-shaped arm and stage.
Magnifying part - objective lens and ocular lens.
Illuminating part - sub stage condenser, iris diaphragm, light source.
78
Ionic VS Covalent bons
- Ionic bonds are charged atoms that give away electrons
- Covalent bonds share valance electrons
79
Polarity
a molecule contains **two distinct and opposite poles** that can either attract or repel each other.
80
Mixture
physical blend of two or more substances that preserve their identities and are blended in the form of solutions, suspensions,
81
buffer
substances that maintain a set range of pH by neutralizing the effects of hydrogen ions.
- carbonic acid
- bicarbonate buffer
- phosphate buffer
- protein buffer
82
Peptide bond
Polypeptide
Joining of amino acids to make amino group
83
Carbohydrates
Main source of energy
Monomer: monosaccharide
- glucose
-fructose
-galactose
84
Lipids
Triglycerides
No monomer unit; fatty oils
- Store and transmit energy
85
Proteins
Monomer: Amino Acids
- DNA, RNA, ATP
86
Nucleic Acids
Monomer: Nucleotides
- Stores and transmits genetic information
- RNA, DNA, and ATP all have nucleotides (Phosphate group, Nitrogenous base, 5-carbon sugar)
87
Activation energy
the minimum amount of extra energy required by a reacting molecule to get converted into product
(can be minimized with a catalyst)
88
How do energy changes affect whether a chemical reaction will occur?
Exothermic Reactions:
overall energy change is negative, **energy is released.** These reactions often occur spontaneously because *products are more stable and have lower energy than the reactants.*
Endothermic Reactions:
have a positive overall energy change, **absorb energy**. These reactions may *require an external heat*
89
What affects the function of enzymes?
- temperature
- pH
- concentration
90
Phospholipid bilayer
Lipid Bilayer
- Hydrophillic exterior
- Hydrophobic interior
- Used as a barrier to protect cells (permable)
91
Selectively permeable
some substances are able to pass through the membrane, while other substances are not able to pass through.
92
osmotic pressure
**(Isotonic)** the minimum pressure that must be applied to a solution to stop the flow of solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrane
93
plasmolysis
**(hypertonic)
shrinkage** of the protoplasm of a plant cell and is caused due to the loss of water in the cell.
94
pinocytosis
a process by which the cell takes in the fluids along with dissolved small molecules.
95
phagocytosis
cell eating; is the process by which a cell engulfs a particle and digests it.
