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Biology 9 > Biology Ch 1,2,7,8 > Flashcards

Biology Ch 1,2,7,8 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Science?

A

Science:
- Seeks to explain things in the natural world
- Organizes info by looking for patterns, and making connections
- Proposed explanations based on evidence

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2
Q

Science is not

A

A set of facts

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3
Q

What are the three goals of Science?

A

1) Explain a natural explanation for things that happen in the natural world to:
- understand patterns in nature
- predict natural events

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4
Q

What are the steps of the scientific method?

A

1) observe
2) Infer
logical interpretation based on previous knowledge

3) hypothesis
Scientific explanation for a set of observations (can be tested)

4) control expiriment
5) collect and analyze data
6) conclude
6) communicate results

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5
Q

What are the components of an experiment

A
  • controlled experiment: only one variable is changed, the rest stay the same
  • control group: exposed to the same condition as the experimental group, except for one independent variable

-independent variable: variable that is deliberately changed in an experiment

  • dependent variable: the observed variable changes in response to the independent variable
  • data: the detailed records of experimental observation that is gathered info
  • constant: variables that are kept the same
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6
Q

what are the four scientific attitudes?

A

1) curiosity- what, why, when, how
2) skepticism- questions existing data
3) open-mindedness- accept differences
4) creativity- outside the box

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7
Q

What is bias and why is it bad?

A

Bias is a particular preference or point of view that is personal rather than scientific. Bias can cause problems in valuing one opinion over the other leading to false results.

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8
Q

Difference between fact vs. theory

A

Fact is something that can be tested and proven. The theory is a possible explanation of an observation in the natural world.

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of life?

A

living things…
- Grow and develop
increase in size, mature, gain the ability to perform functions

  • Respond to their environment
    detect and react to stimuli
  • Reproduce
    sexually or asexually
  • Maintaining a stable environment
    (homeostasis)
  • are made up of cells
    cells can grow, reproduce
  • evolve or change over time
    microevolution
  • are based on a universal genetic code
    DNA
  • Obtain and use material energy
    (metabolism)
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10
Q

how does the metric system translate

A

1km -> 1000 meters
.45 leter -> 450 ml
5000 mg -> 5g
130m -> 13 km
2500 ml -> 2.5 L
100mm -> 0.1 ml

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11
Q

Fields of biology (3)

A

Global Ecology
- From a molecular level (smallest and most specific) to global

Biotechnology
-use of biology to develop new products to improve health

Molecular biology
- Study of molecules

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12
Q

Sub-Atomic molecules

A

Proton (+)
Neutron (nothing)
Electron (-)

Make up the mass of an element

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13
Q

Isotopes vs Elements

A

Elements have the same number of protons and neutrons. Isotopes have different amounts of neutrons.

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14
Q

Chemical element

A

consists entirely of one type of element

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15
Q

Atomic Mass

A

Total number of protons and neutrons in an atom

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16
Q

Compounds

A

Substances formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements

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17
Q

Van Der Waals forces *

A

Regions on a molecule that have a tiny positive or negative charge

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18
Q

Molecule

A

The smallest unit of most compounds

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19
Q

Isotope

A

Same element with different amounts of neutrons

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20
Q

Ion

A

Positively and negatively charged atoms

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21
Q

What are the properties of water?

A
  • Polar!
  • Cohesion
  • Adhesion
  • Floats when frozen (molecules spread out)
  • High heat capacity
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22
Q

Cohesion

A

attraction between molecules of the SAME substance

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23
Q

Adhesion

A

attraction between molecules of DIFFERENT substance

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24
Q

Heat Capacity

A

Amount of energy needed to raise a substance’s temperature by making its molecules move faster

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24
Q

Meniscus effect / Capillary Action

A

When adhesion occurs between water and a beaker/container and the water level rises around the edges

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25
Q

Solution

A

Mixture where the components are evenly distributed

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26
Q

Suspension

A

Mixture of water and non-dissolved substances (milk)

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27
Q

solute

A

substance being dissolved

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27
Q

Solvent

A

Substance where something else is being dissolved (water)

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28
Q

What dissolves well in water?

A

Ionic compounds
Polar molecules (hydrophilic)

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29
Q

Acids

A
  • Have a pH below 7
  • more H+ than OH-
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30
Q

Bases

A
  • Have a pH above 7
  • More OH- than H+
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31
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

a weak bond between two molecules already participating in other chemical bonds.

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32
Q

Organic Chemistry

A

Study of compounds that contain bonds between carbon & hydrogen

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33
Q

What are the organic molecules (4)

A
  • Sugars
  • Oils
  • Proteins
  • Starches
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34
Q

What elements does carbon bond w/ to make life molecules?

A
  • Hydrogen
  • Phosphorus
  • Oxygen
  • Sulfur
  • Nitrogen
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35
Q

Monomer

A

One molecule

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36
Q

Polymer

A

more than one molecule

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37
Q

What are the four macromolecules and what do they do?

A

Carbohydrates:
main src of energy, and structural functions

Lipids/ Tryglycerides:
store energy functions, biological hormones
(three fatty acids)

Proteins: General structure of amino acids (a monomer unit)

Nucleic Acids: Store and transmit genetic information
*(5 carbon sugar, phosphate group and nitrogen base)

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38
Q

Dehydration and Hydration

A

De: releases water to make bonds
Hydra: adding a water molecule to break bonds

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39
Q

Nucleotides

A

DNA:
RNA
ATP:

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40
Q

What is a chemical reaction?

A

When multiple elements bond chemically and result in a reaction

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41
Q

Absorbing chemical reaction

A

endothermic. chemical reaction that absorbs heat from its environment. The absorbed energy provides the activation energy for the reaction to occur.

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42
Q

Releasing chemical reaction

A

exothermic.more energy is released when the bonds are formed in the products than is used to break the bonds in the reactants.

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43
Q

enzymes

A

proteins that act as a biological catalyst

44
Q

catalyst

A

substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

45
Q

enzyme-substrate complex

A

a temporary molecule formed when the substrate binds to the enzyme.

46
Q

Three components of the cell theory

A

1) All living things are made up of cells
2) Cells are the basic units of structure and functions in living things
- Atoms are the structure of cells
3) New cells are produced only from existing cells

47
Q

Light Microscope vs Electron microscope

A

Light has:
- big wave length
- light
- lenses
- magnification upto 1000x
- transports specimen

Electron has:
- smaller wavelength
- magnification to 1,000,000 times
- virus/dna molecules

48
Q

what is a micrograph?

A

a photo of an object through a microscope

49
Q

Prokaryotes…

A

Are bacteria
- no nucleus
- unicellular (1)

50
Q

Eukaryotes..

A
  • Protists
  • Amoeba (unicellular)
  • have organelles
  • multicellular
51
Q

Nucleus

A

control center, contains DNA

52
Q

Vacuole

A

membrane-bound cell organelle;Stores molecules for later use

52
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Keeps organelles in place, and structure of cell

52
Q

Ribosomes

A

make proteins & amino acids

52
Q

Chloroplasts

A

captures light energy to make glucose

52
Q

mitochondria

A

breaks down glucose to make ATp

52
Q

Lysosomes

A

trash can;
- digests and recycles cellular waste and

52
Q

passive transport

A

movement across cells w/o cellular energy

52
Q

Rough ER

A

connected to ribosomes, modifies proteins, and sends them away
- has ribosomes on surface
- smooth ER doesnt

52
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

modifies proteins from rough ER

53
Q

Cell membrane

A

regulates cell’s activities (in and out), protects & supports cell

53
Q

contractile vacuole

A

pumps excess water out of cell

53
Q

concentration

A

relative amt of one substance in another

53
Q

diffusion

A

particles move from an area of high concentration to an area of loc concentration (gradient)

53
Q

Osmosis

A

the diffusion of water through aquaporins (specialized protein channels)

53
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

passive transport; molecules that pass through special protein channels

54
Q

Isotonic substances

A

Same strength; when both sides of the membrane maintain equilibrium

55
Q

hypertonic substances

A

above strength, the concentration outside cell is higher
- maple syrup

56
Q

hypotonic substances

A

below strength, the concentration is lower

57
Q

types of bulk transport

A

endocytosis: takes in large cells by infoldings/pockets
- Pinocytosis (cell drinking)

phagocytosis: extension of cytoplasm surrounds particle and eats it

exocytosis: transports bulk cells by *fusing vesicle with the cells *membrane

58
Q

Photosynthesis equation, its reactants, and products

A

6H20 + 6CO2 -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
- Water and Carbon dioxide into Glucose and Oxygen

59
Q

What is the thylakoid, and what happens in it

A

light-dependent reaction;
- Produces ATP, NADPH
- Takes in light energy & H2O
- Releases O2 as a byproduct
- gives the Calvin cycle its energy

60
Q

Whats the Calvin Cycle and what happens in it (simplified)

A

Light-independent reaction
- Used ATP, NADPH turns into ADP, NADP+
- Takes in CO2 and ATP from Thylakoid
- Releases glucose

61
Q

Abiotic VS Biotic

A

Abiotic is nonliving components
Bioting is living components

62
Q

Describe the Food Chain

A

Producer: Autotroph, start of chain
Primary consumer: herbivore, eats producer
Secondary consumer: eats primary consumer
Tertiary consumer: carnivore
Apex predator: top of the food chain
Reducer: eats corpses

63
Q

Electron transport Chain

A

Photosystem II: absorbs sunlight, turns water into oxygen, energizes electrons

Electron carrier: carries energized electrons to transport hydrogen bonds into the thylakoid
- Pumps against gradient

Photosystem I: re-energizes electrons, gives one to NADP+ into NADPH

ATP synthase: hydrogen ions carried into stroma, bonds ADP with phosphate group into ATP

64
Q

Full form of ADP and ATP

A

ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate
ADP: Adenosine Diphosphate

65
Q

What are pigments, and how do they work?

A
  • coloured molecules found in a plant or animal cell.
  • make things appear to be certain colours because they absorb and reflect different wavelengths of light.
66
Q

What are the roles of Accessory pigments?

A

assisting chlorophyll **a with the absorption of light. (@ different wavelengths of light)

67
Q

Draw and label chloroplast

A
  • Outer membrane
  • Inner membrane
  • Stroma
  • Granum
  • Thylakoid
68
Q

What is Chemiosmosis?

A

the electron transport chain (The process through which cells produce ATP for energy in the cellular respiration process)

69
Q

What factors affect photosynthesis? Why?

A

water:
* Less water in the soil reduces rate of photosynthesis

light intensity:
intensity of the sunlight increases, rate of photosynthesis also increases.

carbon dioxide concentration:
Increase in CO2 concentration in air leads to an increased rate of photosynthesis.

temperature: If the temperature is too cold or too hot, it decreases photosynthesis.

70
Q

How do plants accomplish photosynthesis in extreme conditions (high temperatures, limited water)?

A

the plants may slow down the process of photosynthesis or even stop it.
- Close stomata when hot, or during the day and SUCKS in CO2 to store inside plant.
- Stores large amounts of water inside plant

71
Q

the difference between ATP and glucose in storing biochemical energy

A
  • ATP
  • smaller
    **- for immediate energy within cell
    **- stores between phosphate bonds

glucose
- larger/complex.
**- storage form of energy
**- broken down over time to produce ATP.
- stores energy chemical bonds in carbon atoms.

72
Q

Describe the Calvin cycle (in-depth)

A

1) Carbon Fixation
- Rubisco fixating with CO2, creating a Carbon 6 molecule
- breaks up into two Carbon 3 molecules
2) Reduction
- ATP gives away phosphate group
- NADPH makes G3P
- Some is released, some stays
3) RUBP Regeneration
- One G3P needs 9 ATP, 6 NADPH
-** (15 Carbon)**

73
Q

What are C3 Plants, what do they specialize in?

A

utilize the C3 carbon fixation pathway during photosynthesis. “C3” refers to the three-carbon compound produced during the first step of carbon fixation.

74
Q

What are C4 Plants, and what do they specialize in?

A

Warm and Hot environments;
- Closes stomata when hot, blocking CO2 from entering
- Has a pre-Calvin cycle cycle to regulate carbon
- Uses three carbons to make four

75
Q

What are CAM Plants, and
what do they specialize in?

A

In Deserts;
- Closes stomata during the day, because of heat and collects CO2 at night
- Sucks in Co2 to store A LOT of CO2 and Water
- Mostly made of water (has a river)
- 4 Carbons before calvin cycle

76
Q

Describe the relationship between science and society.

A

The interaction between science and society ensures that knowledge is exchanged, tested and reflected between the various interest groups.

77
Q

What are the major components of a microscope?

A

Mechanical part - base, c-shaped arm and stage.
Magnifying part - objective lens and ocular lens.
Illuminating part - sub stage condenser, iris diaphragm, light source.

78
Q

Ionic VS Covalent bons

A
  • Ionic bonds are charged atoms that give away electrons
  • Covalent bonds share valance electrons
79
Q

Polarity

A

a molecule contains two distinct and opposite poles that can either attract or repel each other.

80
Q

Mixture

A

physical blend of two or more substances that preserve their identities and are blended in the form of solutions, suspensions,

81
Q

buffer

A

substances that maintain a set range of pH by neutralizing the effects of hydrogen ions.
- carbonic acid
- bicarbonate buffer
- phosphate buffer
- protein buffer

82
Q

Peptide bond

A

Polypeptide
Joining of amino acids to make amino group

83
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Main source of energy
Monomer: monosaccharide
- glucose
-fructose
-galactose

84
Q

Lipids

A

Triglycerides
No monomer unit; fatty oils
- Store and transmit energy

85
Q

Proteins

A

Monomer: Amino Acids
- DNA, RNA, ATP

86
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

Monomer: Nucleotides
- Stores and transmits genetic information
- RNA, DNA, and ATP all have nucleotides (Phosphate group, Nitrogenous base, 5-carbon sugar)

87
Q

Activation energy

A

the minimum amount of extra energy required by a reacting molecule to get converted into product
(can be minimized with a catalyst)

88
Q

How do energy changes affect whether a chemical reaction will occur?

A

Exothermic Reactions:
overall energy change is negative, energy is released. These reactions often occur spontaneously because products are more stable and have lower energy than the reactants.

Endothermic Reactions:
have a positive overall energy change, absorb energy. These reactions may require an external heat

89
Q

What affects the function of enzymes?

A
  • temperature
  • pH
  • concentration
90
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A

Lipid Bilayer
- Hydrophillic exterior
- Hydrophobic interior
- Used as a barrier to protect cells (permable)

91
Q

Selectively permeable

A

some substances are able to pass through the membrane, while other substances are not able to pass through.

92
Q

osmotic pressure

A

(Isotonic) the minimum pressure that must be applied to a solution to stop the flow of solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrane

93
Q

plasmolysis

A

(hypertonic)
shrinkage of the protoplasm of a plant cell and is caused due to the loss of water in the cell.

94
Q

pinocytosis

A

a process by which the cell takes in the fluids along with dissolved small molecules.

95
Q

phagocytosis

A

cell eating; is the process by which a cell engulfs a particle and digests it.

Biology 9 (6 decks)

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