Biology Flashcards
What does a seed need for germination?
WOW - water + oxygen + warmth
What is a seed made up of?
Embryo root and shoot, food store, seed coat.
How does excretion in plants work?
Excess oxygen is released by the leaves.
Any waste is concentrated in the leaves.
Leaves eventually fall off.
When do trees loose their leaves?
Old leaves are shed: Once a year by deciduous trees . All year round by evergreens.
What happens in decomposition?
CO2 is released.
Nitrates are released (from decomposing proteins).
Fungi and bacteria are important in the decomposition process.
Dead animals, plants and animal waste decay.
Do fungi photosythesise?
No they have no chlorophyll.
Not green.
They collect their nutrients from the ground.
Classifcation of vertebrates.
Name the groups?
Vertebrates:
Mammals
Birds
Reptiles
Fish
Amphibians
BRAMF
Classifcation of invertebrates.
Name the groups?
Invertebrates:
Arthropods insect, spider
Echinoderms starfish
Molluscs, snail, slug, squid
Annelids, earth worm, leech
& other groups
AEMAO
Plant classification:
Name the types
Green plants (flowring and non-flowering)
Algae
Lichens
Fungi
Microbes (with and without nucleus)
(Microbes: Amoeba is a microbe without a nucleus
Bacteria is a microbe with a nucleus)
What are the 2 factors that cause variation?
Genetics
Environment
What does a habitat provide an organism with?
food
shelter
safe place to breed
The habitat may change because of man made or natural events.
What does conservation try to achieve?
Preservation of habitiats by practising sustainable development
Balancing man’s needs with manitaining the environment.
What are the main negative effects that man has had on the environment?
Production of CO2 by burning of fossil fuels.
ozone layer destruction by use of aerosols has increased levels of CO2.
By products of fuels nitrous oxide and sulphur dioxide form a solution in water to cause acid rain.
Use of pesticides
Use of genetically modified crops
decline in the bee population
What is adaptation?
An adaptation is a feature that helps an organism survive in its environment.
What is competition in the natural world?
Competition between species or members of the same species.
Survival of the fittest.
Example of a simple food chain:
Producer - grass
primary consumer - vole
secondary consumer - owl
Types of consumer:
Herbivore - eats plants
Carnvore - eats meat
Omnivore - eats both
Food chain hierarchies:
Predator
Prey
Parasite
Saprophyte (nourished by dead organisms e.g. fungi)
Types of food chains
Food web - shows feeding relationships
Food pyramid - shows the number at each level
How are seeds dispersed?
Carried by:
Air
Water
Animals and insects
What is habitat?
It’s the environment an organism lives in.
Specialised cells
What are red blood cells like?
No nucleus
Contains haemoglobin
Haemoglobin contains iron
Haemoglobin combines with O2
Red blood cells carry oxygen to all parts of the body.
Specialised cells:
Muscle cells - what are they like?
long and thin.
Can contract and relax.
Specialised cells:
Nerve cells - what are they like?
Long and thin, carry electrical impulses.
Specialised cells:
White blood cells - what are they like?
They trap and destroy microbes, defending the body against infection.
Which organisms have teeth?
Only:
Mammals
Fish
Reptiles
What are the names of different types of teeth?
incisors - cutting
canines- tearing
pre-molars - grinding
molars - grinding
What do juices in the stomach do?
enzymes digest protein
acid kills bacteria
What is the normal temperature of a human?
37 0C
What does the liver do?
The liver acts as a distribution centre. It is the largest and heaviest internal organ. (Skin is heavier but external)
Sorts food molecules and sends them where they are needed.
What does blood constist of?
wed blood cells
white bllod cells
platelets
plasma
Circulation of the blood - how does it work?
Heart acts as a pump.
Blood passes by the lungs and receives oxygen that diffuses from the lungs.
Blood carries oxygen to every part of the body. Arteries, capillaries
The deoxygenated blood returns to the heart by the veins.
What are the processes of digestion?
Ingestion
Digestion
absorption, assimilation
egestion
enyzmes speed up food breakdown
Name the different elements of human food:
Protein (growth)
carbohydrate (energy)
fats
minerals
vitamins
water
fibre
Is skin an organ?
Yes it’s the largest and heaviest organ in the body.
What are the features of the heart?
A pump that circulates blood
never rests in it’s life
extremely efficient
moving parts are almost indestructible
Breathing and respiration:
What are the differences?
Breathing is the gas exchange between the organism and the environment.
Respiration = process where a food’s energy is converted into energy.
Repsiration takes place in every cell.
What are in teeth?
enamel on the surface
dentine below the surface
pulp in the middle.
the tooth is held in the bone
gums surround the teeth
teeth are fed by capillaries carrying blood
What do the kidneys do?
act as a filter
monitor the quality of blood
separate harmful substances from useful ones
act as waste disposal units
What does the pancreas do?
It’s a gland in the abdomen
produces enzymes
produces hormones
What are the intestines?
the small intestine is where nutrients are absorbed
the large intestine is where water is absorbed
Where does digestion take place?
In the ailmentary canal
(everything: mouth, stomach, small intestine. large intestine, rectum, anus)
What are the features of bacteria?
tiny microbes
no nucleus
reproduces by splitting
live inside or on the surface of an organism
release toxins
can be controlled by antibiotics
responsible for tooth decay, TB, tetanus
What are viruses?
They are not living cells
they can only live on a host organism
♦
Bacteria are living cells
no nucleus
live on the surface or inside the organism they are attacking
What is the word equation for photosynthesis?
sunlight
CO2 + H2O →→ glucose + O2
chlorophyll
What minerals do plants need?
nitrates - protein
phosphates - roots
magnesium - chlorophyll
potassium - photosynthesis
fertilisers can be used to provide these if they do not occur naturally
What harmful substances are present in cigarettes?
Tar - causes cancer
Nicotine - addictive
Carbon monoxide CO - replaces oxygen in red blood cells so oxygen cannot reach cells for respiration
What are the life processes?
Movement
Reproduction
Sensitivity
Growth
Respiration
Excretion
Nutrition
What do plant roots do?
Anchor the plant
Take in water
Take in minerals
Waht are examples of single cell organisms?
Amoeba
Parameclum
Euglena
What is pollination?
The landing of pollen on the stigma of a plant by the action of wind, water or insects/animals.
How does yeast work?
What is the lifecyle of a plant?
fertilisation
dispersal
germination
maturity
death
name all the parts of a flower:
Petal
Sepal
Ovary
Ovule
Style
Stigma
What is a chloroplast?
Present in plant cells
Contain chlorophyll
Chlorophyll absorbs the light energy needed in photosynthesis.
What is a vacuole?
A vacuole is a large space in filled in a plant cell.
It is filled with fluid and is also a store of chemicals.
Occurs only in plant cells.
When a plant wilts this is because the fluid in the vacuole is depleted.
Plant cells:
What is cytoplasm?
A gel like material that makes up most of the cell.
Contains water and dissolved chemicals.
Plant cells:
What is the cell wall?
In plants only
made of cellulose
cellulose is rigid and supports the cell
water and gases can pass through it
(remember plants do not have a skeleton for support)
What is the definition of a cell?
The simplest unit of living matter which can maintain life and reproduce itself.
How many cells are there in the human body?
100 billion
Starting from just one cell.
What does the nucleus of a cell do?
Controls all the activities of the cell.
Contains genes in the DNA that control it’s characterisitics.
What is in a plant cell?
Cell wall
cell membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus
vacuole
chloroplasts
starch granules
What is in an animal cell?
cell membrane
nucleus
cytoplasm
Which is bigger an animal or plant cell?
About 50 animal cells could be placed on a pinhead
About 10 plant cells could be placed on a pinhead
How are new cells formed?
An existing cell divides into 2 cells
New cells are needed for growth, replacement and repair
What are the systems of the human body?
skeletal system
muscular system
circulatory system
nervous system
breathing system
digestive system
excretory system
endocrine system
reproductive system
immune system
SMCNBDEERI
Waht are the 4 main types of human tissue?
epithelial tissue
connective tissue
muscle tissue
nerve tissue
What is the definition of a tissue?
A group of similar cells which perform a specialised function.
What is the definittion of an organ?
Consists of at least 2 types of tissue organised so they work together for a common purpose
Waht is the definition aof a system?
An organised group of organs arranged so that they perform the complex function of a body.
What is epithelial tissue?
Cells form continous sheets which form linings of rogans and help to proect them
e.g. outer layer of skin, lining of the mouth, intestines, inside of the stomach.
What are the connective tissues in the human body?
inner layers of skin
tendons
ligaments
cartilage
bone
fat
blood
What does nerve tissue do?
generates and conducts electrical impulses.
nerve tissue in the brain manages the impulses and transmits them down the spinal cord.
What is the word equation for respiration?
ENERGY
glucose + O2 → → CO2 + H2O
Describe breathing?
Air entering and leaving the lungs due to the action of the diaphragm and rib muscles (intercostal muscles).
How does gas exchange in the lung work?
air enters the alveoli.
oxygen passes into the blood by diffusion.
oxygen is carried away around the body.
Waht do cilia cells in the lungs do?
They are little hair like structures that sweep dust and microbes out of the lungs.
Smoking kills cilia and the lungs cannot rid themselves of dust and microbes.
What are the stages of development of a human baby?
fertilisation
zygote
implantation
placenta and embryo
fetus
baby
Specialised cells:
How does a root hair cell work?
Absorbs water from the soil.
Large surface area.
Remember no chloroplasts - does not need light.
Specialised cells:
what is in a human egg cell?
cell membrane
food store
nucleus holding 23 chromasomes
(also called a female gamete)
What are the benefits of exercise?
Reduces risk of obesity
Improves stamina as heart and lungs are trained to deliver O2
Strength improves as muscles are trained.
What is the lifecycle of a human?
fertilisation
conception
birth
childhood
puberty
death
Specialised cells:
What is a sperm cell like?
long tail for swimming
nucleus holds 23 chromasomes
(also called a male gamete)
What do white blood cells do?
Defend the body against infection by destroying microbes.
How to joints work?
cartilage provides a soft end to the bone to stop them grinding together.
synovial fuid provides a fluid cushion for the joint.
2 types of joint
hinge (e.g. elbow)
ball and socket (shoulder, hip)
What does a skeleton do?
provides support for soft tissues
provides protection for organs (e,g, skull - brain)
How do muscles work?
They are attached to the bone by tendons
they work in antagonistic pairs
the contract to pull bones
How does a plant obtain nitrogen?
It is absorbed through the roots.
Plants obtain nitrogen through the Nitrogen cycle. Air consists of 78 percent nitrogen, which is in the form of nitrous oxides. Rain water dissolves these oxides and nitrogen enters the soil, which plants then absorb by drawing in water through the roots.
Nitrogen is needed for growth.
Which muscles need to contract to bring about the inspiration of air (breathing)?
The intercostal muscles (between the ribs).
The diaphragm.
Explain how a lung is adapted to it’s function?
The air sacs in the lungs have a huge surface area.
The air sacs have very fine walls so that diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide can occur.
(2 lungs spread out have the surface area of a tennis court)
How is energy released during aerobic respiration?
Aerobic respiration needs oxygen to work.
Oxygen is delivered to the cell by the blood.
Glucose in the cell reacts with oxygen.
This is the equation for aerobic respiration:
glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water (+ energy)
What are the main differences between a fish and an amphibian?
Fish are only able to live in water and amphibians are able to live both in and out of water.
Differences in skin type (fish scales, amphibians smooth skin).
Amphibians have limbs.
Why does the extinction of a species occur?
Animals with less favourable characterisitics less adapted to their habitat are less likely to survive.
The population decreases.
They cannot reproduce.
They do not pass on their poor;y adapted genes.
Over time the population becomes extinct.
(If habitats change this is also a factor.)
What must happen to pressure in the thorax to bring about expiration of the air?
Pressure in the thorax increases (the ribs move in and the diaphragm moves up squashing the gas).
Air moves from high pressure in the thorax to low pressure outside the thorax.
How does the increasing of pressure of a gas at a constant temperature affect its volume?
It increases but can be limited by the volume of the vessel.
Name the biological process invoving air that heats the body.
Respiration.
What 2 processes do all living things carry out?
- ) respiration
- ) reproduction
Name 5 living processes
- ) movement
- ) respiration
- ) sensitivity
- )growth
- ) reproduction
- ) Excretion
- ) nutrition
Name 3 vitamins / minerals and there uses
- ) vitamin C: teeth and gums - prevents scurvy
- ) Calcium : strong bones
- ) Iron: red blood cells - for haemoglobin to carry oxygen
Name 3 food groups and what they are needed for
- ) Carbohydrates: energy (glucose)
- ) Protein: growth and repair
- ) Fat: insulation and energy
Name 3 types of pollination:
- ) Wind
- ) Insect
- ) Self-pollination
How is a plant adapted to wind pollination?
The stamen has a long filament.
This exposes the tip (the anther) where the pollen is to the wind.
THe pollen can be easily picked up by the wind and transferred to another plant
How is a plant adapted to insect pollination?
Brightly coloured petals.
Nectar has an attractive scent.
Sticky pollen.
This attracts insects. THe pollen sticks to their bodies and is transferred to the carpel of another plant when the insect moves between plants.
What increases when growth of an organism takes place?
- ) cell division
- ) increase in cell size
Why is eating too much fat bad for your health?
- ) Obesity
- ) Heart disease
Why is eating too much sugar bad for your health?
- ) Diabetes
- ) Obesity
- ) Tooth decay
Name 5 bones of the body and their function.
- ) Skull: protects the brain
- ) Rib cage: protects lungs, allows change in size of thorax for ventilation
- ) Humerus: attachement of biceps and triceps muscle to lift things
- ) Metatarsels: balance
- ) Pelvis: protects sexual organs and young foetus
What is the function of bones in the body?
- ) Structure
- ) Movement
- ) Muscle attachment
- ) Stability
What is the effect of exercise on breathing and heart rate?
- ) Breathing rate increases: increase oxygen levels in the blood
- ) Heart rate increases: increase oxygen delivery to muscle cells for respiration. This increases energy release.
Give 3 reasons why smoking is bad for your health?
- ) Causes cancer
- ) Kills cilia cells so mucus gets trapped in the lungs
- ) Nicotine is addictive
- ) Heart disease
Name the 5 kingdoms of organisms
- ) Animals
- ) Plants
- ) Fungi
- ) Bacteria
- ) Protocists
What is a tissue and give 2 examples.
A group of specialised cells.
Muscle, skin
What is an organ and give 2 examples.
A group of tissues functioning together to perform a spedicific function.
Brain / heart.
What is a system of the body?
A group of organs working together.
Circulatory, respiratory, digestive, reproductive
How are the alveoli adapted for ventilation?
- ) Large surface area
- ) Thin wall for short diffusion distance
- ) Good blood supply for efficient gas exchange
How are the airways adapted for breating?
- ) Mucus produced traps bacteria and dust
- ) The cilia cells beat the mucus back up towards the mouth where is is swallowed
- ) this protects the alveoli from infection and irritation
What gass burns the a dazzling whitre flame.
Oxygen.
Is oxygen soluable in water?
Yes.
Name the biological process involving air that heats the body.
Respiration.
Name 2 differences between plants and fungi?
Plants photosynthesise to produce food. Fungi feed no dead plants and animals.
Plants reproduce by seeds. Fungi reproduce by spores.
What efect does smoking have on the lungs?
Smoking causes disease e.g. lung cancer, heart disease, emphysema.
Smoking reduces the surface area of the lungs where gas exchange takes place (alveoli).
This means the body cannot get oxygen.
what are mitochondria?
Where respiration happens in a cell.
Organs and tissues need a lot of energy so they have a large amount of mitochondria.
What is variation?
Variation are differences within a group.
Some variations are inherited (eye colour)
Some are environmental (obseity)
Food chain
A diagram showng the transfer of energy from one organism to the next starting with a producer.
