Biology Flashcards
What does a seed need for germination?
WOW - water + oxygen + warmth
What is a seed made up of?
Embryo root and shoot, food store, seed coat.
How does excretion in plants work?
Excess oxygen is released by the leaves.
Any waste is concentrated in the leaves.
Leaves eventually fall off.
When do trees loose their leaves?
Old leaves are shed: Once a year by deciduous trees . All year round by evergreens.
What happens in decomposition?
CO2 is released.
Nitrates are released (from decomposing proteins).
Fungi and bacteria are important in the decomposition process.
Dead animals, plants and animal waste decay.
Do fungi photosythesise?
No they have no chlorophyll.
Not green.
They collect their nutrients from the ground.
Classifcation of vertebrates.
Name the groups?
Vertebrates:
Mammals
Birds
Reptiles
Fish
Amphibians
BRAMF
Classifcation of invertebrates.
Name the groups?
Invertebrates:
Arthropods insect, spider
Echinoderms starfish
Molluscs, snail, slug, squid
Annelids, earth worm, leech
& other groups
AEMAO
Plant classification:
Name the types
Green plants (flowring and non-flowering)
Algae
Lichens
Fungi
Microbes (with and without nucleus)
(Microbes: Amoeba is a microbe without a nucleus
Bacteria is a microbe with a nucleus)
What are the 2 factors that cause variation?
Genetics
Environment
What does a habitat provide an organism with?
food
shelter
safe place to breed
The habitat may change because of man made or natural events.
What does conservation try to achieve?
Preservation of habitiats by practising sustainable development
Balancing man’s needs with manitaining the environment.
What are the main negative effects that man has had on the environment?
Production of CO2 by burning of fossil fuels.
ozone layer destruction by use of aerosols has increased levels of CO2.
By products of fuels nitrous oxide and sulphur dioxide form a solution in water to cause acid rain.
Use of pesticides
Use of genetically modified crops
decline in the bee population
What is adaptation?
An adaptation is a feature that helps an organism survive in its environment.
What is competition in the natural world?
Competition between species or members of the same species.
Survival of the fittest.
Example of a simple food chain:
Producer - grass
primary consumer - vole
secondary consumer - owl
Types of consumer:
Herbivore - eats plants
Carnvore - eats meat
Omnivore - eats both
Food chain hierarchies:
Predator
Prey
Parasite
Saprophyte (nourished by dead organisms e.g. fungi)
Types of food chains
Food web - shows feeding relationships
Food pyramid - shows the number at each level
How are seeds dispersed?
Carried by:
Air
Water
Animals and insects
What is habitat?
It’s the environment an organism lives in.
Specialised cells
What are red blood cells like?
No nucleus
Contains haemoglobin
Haemoglobin contains iron
Haemoglobin combines with O2
Red blood cells carry oxygen to all parts of the body.
Specialised cells:
Muscle cells - what are they like?
long and thin.
Can contract and relax.
Specialised cells:
Nerve cells - what are they like?
Long and thin, carry electrical impulses.
Specialised cells:
White blood cells - what are they like?
They trap and destroy microbes, defending the body against infection.
Which organisms have teeth?
Only:
Mammals
Fish
Reptiles
What are the names of different types of teeth?
incisors - cutting
canines- tearing
pre-molars - grinding
molars - grinding
What do juices in the stomach do?
enzymes digest protein
acid kills bacteria
What is the normal temperature of a human?
37 0C
What does the liver do?
The liver acts as a distribution centre. It is the largest and heaviest internal organ. (Skin is heavier but external)
Sorts food molecules and sends them where they are needed.
What does blood constist of?
wed blood cells
white bllod cells
platelets
plasma
Circulation of the blood - how does it work?
Heart acts as a pump.
Blood passes by the lungs and receives oxygen that diffuses from the lungs.
Blood carries oxygen to every part of the body. Arteries, capillaries
The deoxygenated blood returns to the heart by the veins.
What are the processes of digestion?
Ingestion
Digestion
absorption, assimilation
egestion
enyzmes speed up food breakdown
Name the different elements of human food:
Protein (growth)
carbohydrate (energy)
fats
minerals
vitamins
water
fibre
Is skin an organ?
Yes it’s the largest and heaviest organ in the body.
What are the features of the heart?
A pump that circulates blood
never rests in it’s life
extremely efficient
moving parts are almost indestructible
Breathing and respiration:
What are the differences?
Breathing is the gas exchange between the organism and the environment.
Respiration = process where a food’s energy is converted into energy.
Repsiration takes place in every cell.
What are in teeth?
enamel on the surface
dentine below the surface
pulp in the middle.
the tooth is held in the bone
gums surround the teeth
teeth are fed by capillaries carrying blood
What do the kidneys do?
act as a filter
monitor the quality of blood
separate harmful substances from useful ones
act as waste disposal units
What does the pancreas do?
It’s a gland in the abdomen
produces enzymes
produces hormones
What are the intestines?
the small intestine is where nutrients are absorbed
the large intestine is where water is absorbed
Where does digestion take place?
In the ailmentary canal
(everything: mouth, stomach, small intestine. large intestine, rectum, anus)
What are the features of bacteria?
tiny microbes
no nucleus
reproduces by splitting
live inside or on the surface of an organism
release toxins
can be controlled by antibiotics
responsible for tooth decay, TB, tetanus
What are viruses?
They are not living cells
they can only live on a host organism
♦
Bacteria are living cells
no nucleus
live on the surface or inside the organism they are attacking
What is the word equation for photosynthesis?
sunlight
CO2 + H2O →→ glucose + O2
chlorophyll
What minerals do plants need?
nitrates - protein
phosphates - roots
magnesium - chlorophyll
potassium - photosynthesis
fertilisers can be used to provide these if they do not occur naturally
What harmful substances are present in cigarettes?
Tar - causes cancer
Nicotine - addictive
Carbon monoxide CO - replaces oxygen in red blood cells so oxygen cannot reach cells for respiration
What are the life processes?
Movement
Reproduction
Sensitivity
Growth
Respiration
Excretion
Nutrition
What do plant roots do?
Anchor the plant
Take in water
Take in minerals
Waht are examples of single cell organisms?
Amoeba
Parameclum
Euglena
What is pollination?
The landing of pollen on the stigma of a plant by the action of wind, water or insects/animals.