Biology 30 - Endocrine system

Question 1

What hormones does the hypothalamus produce?

Answer 1

The hypothalamus produces releasing hormones that control the anterior pituitary, along with ADH and oxytocin, which are stored in the posterior pituitary.

Question 2

What does the posterior pituitary gland store and secrete?

Answer 2

It stores and secretes ADH and oxytocin, produced by the hypothalamus.

Question 3

What is the function of ADH?

Answer 3

ADH promotes water retention by the kidneys, producing more concentrated urine and increasing blood pressure.

Question 4

What does oxytocin do?

Answer 4

Oxytocin triggers milk ejection and stimulates labor contractions during childbirth through positive feedback.

Question 5

What is the function of growth hormone (GH)?

Answer 5

GH stimulates growth, especially in bones and muscles, and increases metabolism. It is important for normal development in children.

Question 6

What does thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) do?

Answer 6

TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine.

Question 7

What does adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) do?

Answer 7

ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone or cortisol.

Question 8

What does prolactin do?

Answer 8

Prolactin stimulates milk production in response to infant suckling.

Question 9

What are gonadotropic hormones and their functions?

Answer 9

FSH: Stimulates ova development in females and sperm development in males.
LH: Triggers ovulation and progesterone production in females; testosterone production in males.

Question 10

What is thyroxine (T4) and its functions?

Answer 10

Thyroxine (T4) increases metabolism, glucose use, and cellular respiration, raising body temperature.

Question 11

What does calcitonin do?

Answer 11

Calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels by promoting calcium absorption into bones.

Question 12

What does parathyroid hormone (PTH) do?

Answer 12

PTH raises blood calcium levels by releasing calcium from bones.

Question 13

What hormones does the adrenal medulla secrete?

Answer 13

The adrenal medulla secretes adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine), which increase heart rate, breathing, and blood glucose levels.

Question 14

What does aldosterone do?

Answer 14

Aldosterone promotes sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys, increasing blood pressure.

Question 15

What does cortisol do?

Answer 15

Cortisol increases blood glucose by converting fats and proteins to glucose, reduces inflammation, and is part of the long-term stress response.

Question 16

What are the functions of insulin and glucagon?

Answer 16

Insulin: Lowers blood glucose by helping cells absorb glucose.
Glucagon: Raises blood glucose by stimulating glycogen breakdown in the liver.

Question 17

What hormones help regulate blood sugar levels?

Answer 17

Insulin, glucagon, adrenaline, cortisol, and thyroxine regulate blood sugar.

Question 18

What are the two types of diabetes mellitus?

Answer 18

Type I: Caused by degeneration of beta cells, leading to insulin deficiency, often before age 20.
Type II: Caused by insulin resistance or inability to use insulin, usually in older adults.