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Biology 2.1.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What does higher electronegativity mean

A

greater affinity for electrons(oxygen higher than hydrogen)

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2
Q

hydrogen bonds is an electrostatic attraction that forms between a hydrogen atom that is covalently bonded

A

to a more electronegative atom/group and the electronegative atom of a polar molecule

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3
Q

What is a polar molecule

A

Molécules where electrons spend more time closer to one atom(will be delta -) than the other(delta+)

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4
Q

Hydrogen bonds form between

A

polar molecules

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5
Q

Why does water have a high boiling point?

A

Hydrogen bonds are weak but in high numbers

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6
Q

Why is ice less dense than water

A

Below 4 degrees celsius,
hydrogen bonds fix positions of polar molecules further than their average distance in liquid

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7
Q

What is cohésion in water

A

Water moves as one mass because of hydrogen bonds

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8
Q

Name a function of cohesion in water

A

plants can draw water up from their roots

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9
Q

Is water a solvent

A

Yes because it’s a polar molecule

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10
Q

Why water good as a solvent for humans

A

Cytosol mainly water-water can transport dissolved compounds in/out cells

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11
Q

What is capillary action and how can it occur?

A

Water can rise up narrow tube against gravity
Because of
Cohesion(water molecules stick)
Adhesion(between water molecules and other polar or surfaces)

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12
Q

Why is it beneficial that water takes a lot of energy to raise temperature and evaporate?

A

Our body temperature doesn’t increase and when it does the water inside us won’t evaporate

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13
Q

Why is water good as a coolant

A

Takes alot of energy to overcome hydrogen bonds so when chemical reactions occur in our cells temp is maintained

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14
Q

Why is ice floating good

A

Provides an insulating layer to aquatic life

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15
Q

Why is there surface tension on water and who does this benefit

A

water molecules are more cohesive with eachother than with the air

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16
Q

What does a carbohydrate contain

A

carbon hydrogen and oxygen

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17
Q

What is the general formula of carbohydrates

A

Cx(H2O)y

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18
Q

A single sugar unit is known as a monosaccharide, give examples

A

glucose fructose and ribose

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19
Q

Two monosaccharides linked forms disaccharide, examples include

A

lactose and sucrose

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20
Q

Two or more monosaccharides linked forms polysaccharide, examples include

A

glycogen cellulose and starch

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21
Q

because glucose has 6 carbons, it is a

A

he ose monosaccharide

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22
Q

what are the two structural variations of the glucose molecule and what is the structural difference

A

alpha and beta. OH group on carbon 1 in opposite positions

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23
Q

Polymers are long chain

A

molecules made up by the linking of multiple individual molecules in a repeating pattern

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24
Q

a hydrogen bond is an electrostatic

A

attraction that forms between a hydrogen atom that is covalently bonded to a lore electronegative atom or group and the electronegative atom of a polar molecule

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25
Q

what is the monomer of carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides

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26
Q

proteins made up of

A

carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen sulfur

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27
Q

polymer of proteins are

A

polypeptides

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28
Q

nucleic acids made up of carbon hydrogen oxygen and

A

nitrogen and phosphorus

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29
Q

what is the monomer of nucleic acids

A

nucleotides

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30
Q

2 glucose after condensation reaction form

A

maltose

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31
Q

hydrolysis is the chemical reaction where

A

the chemical bond between monomers is broken by adding a water molecule

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32
Q

which binds form between amino acids

A

peptide bonds

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33
Q

what bond between monosaccharides

A

glycosidic

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34
Q

what bond between nucleotides

A

phosphodiester

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35
Q

a condensation reaction is a chemical reaction forming

A

a chemical bond between monomers releasing a molecule of water

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36
Q

Polymer RNA is broken down into what when which reaction breaks the phosphodiester bonds between the monomers

A

into nucleotides
when hydrolysis

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37
Q

Which Polymer is broken down into monosaccharides when hydrolysis breaks which bonds between monomers

A

glycogen
glycosidic

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38
Q

What is the monomer of insulin

A

amino acids

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39
Q

glucose and fructose undergo condensation reaction to form

A

sucrose and water

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40
Q

carboxylic acid and alcohol undergo condensation

A

and form ester link and water

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41
Q

2 amino acids undergo condensation reaction make

A

dipeptide and water

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42
Q

glucose is what type monosaccharide

A

hexose monosaccharide which means it has six carbon atoms

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43
Q

what type of bond is a glycosidic

A

covalent

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44
Q

Carbons are numbered in molecular structure diagrams

A

clockwise

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45
Q

Name three hexose monosaccharides

A

fructose
glucose
galactose

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46
Q

what do galactose and glucose form

A

lactose

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47
Q

name two pentose monosaccharides

A

ribose
deoxyribose

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48
Q

what is the general formula for carbohydrates

A

CH2O

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49
Q

How does benedict’s test work when reducing sugars present

A

reagent is blue copper(2) sulfate ions
when reducing sugars present they donate electrons
making copper(1) which is brick red

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50
Q

Why if sucrose is boiled with dilute HCl before benedict’s test will result be positive even though sucrose is non reducing

A

it is hydrolysed by HCl and made into fructose and glucose which are reducing therefore positive test

51
Q

What is the advantage with reagent strips

A

can show concentration of reducing sugars because of colour coded chart

52
Q

if starch is present what colour will solution of sample and potassium iodide be

A

purple black
and if it’s not
yellow brown

53
Q

if starch is present what colour will solution of sample and potassium iodide be

A

purple black
and if it’s not
yellow brown

54
Q

why is the glucose molecule adapted to its function in living organisms

A

it is soluble so transported easily because it is dissolved in the cytosol of the cell
It is quickly broken down to release energy(lots energy stored in bonds)

55
Q

isomerism is where each

A

isomer has the same chemical formula but a different structural formula (like alpha and beta glucose)

56
Q

define disaccharide

A

formed from 2 monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bond during condensation reaction

57
Q

Maltose is two

A

glucose molecules joined by an alpha 1-4 glycosidic bond

58
Q

sucrose is glucose and

A

fructose joined by an alpha 1-4 glycosidic bond

59
Q

Lactose is formed from glucose and

A

galactose joined by a beta 1-4 glycosidic bond

60
Q

name three polysaccharides

A

starch
cellulose
glycogen

61
Q

what are the three groups of functions of carbohydrates

A

structural units and stores or sources of energy

62
Q

which polysaccharide acts as an energy store and source in animal cells

A

glycogen

63
Q

which polysaccharide acts as an energy store and source in animal cells

A

glycogen

64
Q

which polysaccharide acts as a structural unit in plant cells

A

cellulose

65
Q

what polysaccharide is used as an energy store and source in plant cells

A

starch

66
Q

Why do plants store glucose as starch(a polymer of alpha glucose)

A

it is insoluble in water so won’t affect osmosis

67
Q

Name the two polysaccharides in starch

A

amylose and amylopectin

68
Q

all monosaccharides and some disaccharides are

A

reducing sugars

69
Q

how can make Benedict’s non reducing sugar test fully quantitive

A

filter brick red precipitate leaving just blue solution
white light red filter
colorimeter measures absorbency of red by the solution
more absorbency of red means more blue present
and therefore less reducing sugar
you can plot a calibration curve and use to predict glucose concentration

70
Q

name a common non reducing sugar

A

sucrose

71
Q

how would sucrose react if heated with benedict’s reagent

A

negative result
will remain blue

72
Q

how to test for non reducing sugars

A

do reducing sugars test first
will stay blue
boil with HCl to hydrolyse(separate monomers)
then do reducing sugars test again and will be positive result(brick red)

73
Q

test for starch?

A

mix potassium iodide solution with sample
positive if changes from yellow-brown to purple-black

74
Q

amylopectin is a mix of

A

1,4 and 1,6 alpha glycosidic bonds

75
Q

amylopectin is a long branched chain which means

A

glucose released quickly as branches make it easier
for enzymes to get to glycosidic bonds and hydrolyse them

76
Q

where do animals store glucose as glycogen

A

in liver and muscle cells

77
Q

glycogen has lots of
and is

A

branches
compact (good for storage)

78
Q

amylose has only

A

1.4 alpha glycosidic bonds

79
Q

amylose is an

A

unbranched chain of alpha glucose

80
Q

what allows amylose to coil

A

angles of glycosidic bonds between alpha glucoses make it coil

81
Q

cellulose is a polymer

A

of beta 1,4 glucose molecules

82
Q

alternating structure of cellulose stops it

A

coiling up keeps chain straight

83
Q

cellulose is

A

unbranched

84
Q

what forms between cellulose chains forming microfibrils

A

hydrogen bonds

85
Q

the space between microfibrils allow

A

water and mineral ions to pass through
sometimes these areas can be blocked

86
Q

OH is what group

A

hydroxyl

87
Q

why is water acting as a solvent important for survival of organisms

A

it can dilute toxic substances
can act as a medium for metabolic reactions

88
Q

why are waters properties relating to density important for survival of organisms

A

oxygen/nutrients/resources can circulate in sea etc

89
Q

cohesion holds water molecules together which means

A

chain of water can form brought up the xylem

90
Q

what properties of water are involved in the transport role of water in a stem

A

adhesion
cohesion
solvent

91
Q

glycogen is compact and

A

energy dense which means a lot of energy for little amount

92
Q

why does glycogen being branched mean fast release glucose

A

greater SA for enzyme activity and glucose can be removed

93
Q

properties of cellulose which make it suitable for being basis of plant walls

A

can form hydrogen bonds with neighbouring chains
high tensile strength
insoluble
unreactive

94
Q

structural differences between glucose and starch

A

starch is a polymer glucose a monomer
polysaccharide glucose is a monosaccaride
starch has glycosidic bonds glucose doesn’t
starch has a lower ratio of carbon to hydrogen and oxygen than glucose

95
Q

a triglyceride is made by combining

A

one glycerol molecule and three fatty acid chains

96
Q

fatty acids belong to what group

A

carboxylic acid
carboxyl group and hydrocarbon chain

97
Q

glycerol and fatty acid what groups interact to form eater bonds and three water molecules
this process is called

A

hydroxyl

estérification

98
Q

a triglyceride being broken down is a what reaction

A

hydrolysis

99
Q

fatty acid chains with no double bones are

A

saturated

100
Q

monounsaturated is

A

one double bond between carbon atoms

101
Q

two or more double bonds is

A

polyunsaturated

102
Q

double bonds causes molecule

A

to link

103
Q

why are oils liquid lipids at room temperature

A

presence of double bonds
bends mean don’t pack closely

104
Q

plants contain what triglycerides

A

unsaturated
normally occur as oils
more healthy for humans

105
Q

phospholipids contains what as-well as the usual carbon hydrogen oxygen

A

phosphorus

106
Q

how does phospholipids look

A

one fatty acid chain replaced by phosphate group

107
Q

phosphate ions are what in water

A

soluble

108
Q

fatty acid tails are

A

non polar hydrophobic
repelled by water

109
Q

phosphate head of phospholipid is charged and

A

hydrophilic

110
Q

what is a surfactant

A

phospholipids can form a layer on the surface of water with heads in water tails sticking out

111
Q

phospholipids can form

A

bilayer
membrane (seperate aqueous environment cells in and aqueous cytosol)

112
Q

sterols are

A

a type of lips found in cells

113
Q

sterols structure

A

four carbon ring with hydroxyl group at one end
hydroxyl is polar and the rest hydrophobic

114
Q

cholesterol is a sterol
where does the body manufacture it

A

liver and intestine

115
Q

what does cholesterol do

A

adds stability and regulates cell membrane fluidity
keeps membrane fluid at low temps
stops becoming too fluid at high temps

116
Q

what is manufactured by cholesterol

A

vitaminD
steroid hormones
bile

117
Q

roles of lipids
(non polar)

A

membrane formation and hydrophobic barriers
hormone production
electrical insulation for impulse transmission
waterproofing

118
Q

lipids roles in long term energy storage

A

thermal insulation to reduce heat loss
cushioning to protect vital organs
buoyancy for aquatic animals

119
Q

process in which triglycerides are synthesised is called

A

estérification (type of condensation réaction)

120
Q

process in which triglycerides are synthesised is called

A

estérification (type of condensation réaction)

121
Q

triglycerides are

A

broken down in respiration to release energy and generate ATP

122
Q

how can triglycerides be used as an energy store

A

insoluble in water
so doesn’t affect water potential
form insoluble droplets because tails point inwards

123
Q

in water phospholipids form

A

micelles
and monolayer

124
Q

cholesterol has shape

A

small flattened shape

Biology (4 decks)

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