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Biology > Biology 2.1.1 > Flashcards

Biology 2.1.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Order of size for microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments

A

Microtubules, Intermediate filaments, microfilaments

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2
Q

Name 4 things made up of microtubules

A

Cilia, undulipodia(flagella), centrioles and spindle fibres

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3
Q

Microtubules form tracks for what?

A

Motor proteins moving organelles

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4
Q

What protein makes up microfilaments

A

Actin

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5
Q

Name two things microfilaments do

A

Keep cell shape and allow cell movement

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6
Q

Name three things Intermediate filaments do

A

Anchor nucleus in cytoplasm, extend between cells for cell signalling and allow cells to stick to basement membrane to form tissues

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7
Q

How is energy made available to cell?

A

Hydrolysis of ATP is exothermic and releases energy

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8
Q

What do centrioles form?

A

spindle fibres, cilia, undulipodia,

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9
Q

Name two functions for Undulipodia(flagella)

A

Motility and they can detect change in cells environment

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10
Q

How does mobile cilia work

A

beating creates a current causing fluids adjacent to cell to move (mucas in trachea)

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11
Q

What is a plants cell walls function and made of

A

Cellulose. Protects against pathogens

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12
Q

What is different about DNA in prokaryotic cells

A

One chromosome supercoiled and genes group into operons which can be switched on/off at same time

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13
Q

In prokaryotes, DNA isn’t coiled around what protein

A

histone

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14
Q

Give two funtion of the slime capsule on the bacteria

A
  1. Protection from antibiotics, Prevents antibodies on lymphocytes detecting the antigens
  2. Cells have high SA:V so loose fluid quickly. IE the slime stops drying out
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15
Q

What’s different about flagella in prokaryotes

A

Thinner

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16
Q

What are flagella powered by?

A

chemiosmosis

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17
Q

What is cell wall on prokaryotes made of?

A

peptidoglycan

18
Q

Size of ribosomes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

80S in eukaryotic and 70S in prokaryotes

19
Q

What can plasmids do?

A

replicate independently

20
Q

Explain plasmid replication

A

Pilus draws bacteria together and plasmid(have antibiotic resistance) can be transferred to another bacteria

21
Q

Where can ribosomes be found

A

Free floating in cytoplasm or on RER

22
Q

Why are ribosomes in prokaryotes

A

They aren’t membrane bound so aren’t true organelles

23
Q

How are ribosomes formed?

A

rRNA combines with proteins

24
Q

What is synthesised at SER

A

Lipids and carbohydrates
also used for storage

25
Q

What is function of golgi

A

To transport and modify proteins

26
Q

What do lysomes contain?

A

Hydrolytic enzymes

27
Q

What is similar between chloroplasts and mitochondria

A

double membrane
contain DNA and ribosomes

28
Q

What is a granum in chloroplasts?

A

a stack of thylakoids which contain chlorophyll

29
Q

What membrane links grana

A

Intergranal lamellae

30
Q

What do hydrolytic enzymes do

A

breakdown waste materials and engulfed pathogens

31
Q

Why does mitochondria have cristae structures

A

The folds increase SA and Inner membrane of mitochondria contain enzymes used in respiration

32
Q

What is the fluid in mitochondria called

A

matrix

33
Q

Which cells contain more RER

A

Secretory cells(release enzymes or hormones)

34
Q

Function of RER

A

site of translation and transports proteins

35
Q

How does DNA form chromosomes

A

DNA associates with histone proteins and form chromatin which coils and condenses to form chromosomes

36
Q

Two functions of nuclear envelope

A

Pores so mRNA can exit
Protects from damage

37
Q

Where are ribosomes synthesised

A

nucleolus

38
Q

How do secretory cells release their contents at cell membrane

A

by exocytosis

39
Q

1 micrometer is how many meters

A

1 x 10 ^-6

40
Q

1 nanometer is how many meters

A

1 x 10^-9

41
Q

1mm is how many meters

A

1 x 10^-3

Biology (4 decks)

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