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Biology > 2.1.5 > Flashcards

2.1.5 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are phospholipids made of

A

a phosphate group with glycerol and two fatty acid tails

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2
Q

phosphate group is what to water

A

hydrophilic

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3
Q

why are fatty acids hydrophobic

A

they are non polar

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4
Q

all biological membranes are

A

phospholipid bilayers

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5
Q

functions of the phospholipid bilayer
release
hold
have
regulate
seperate
seperate

A

hold enzymes in place
release chemicals for cell signalling
have antigens for self recognition and receptors
regulate movement of materials in/out cell
seperate organelles from cytoplasm
seperate cell from outside

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6
Q

what does the inner membrane of mitochondria (cristae) hold

A

enzyme proteins for aerobic respiration

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7
Q

what membranes of chloroplast hold

A

thylakoid membranes hold chlorophyll for photosynthesis

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8
Q

in plasma membrane of the cells lining small intestine there are

A

enzymes for carbohydrate digestion

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9
Q

what is the fluid mosaic model

A

proteins embedded within membrane and phospholipids are free to move within the layer relative to each other

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10
Q

2 types of intrinsic proteins

A

channel proteins
carrier proteins

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11
Q

channel proteins provide a hydrophilic

A

channel that allows movement of polar molecules and ions down a concentration gradient through membranes

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12
Q

How are channel proteins held in place

A

by interactions between the hydrophobic core of the membrane and the hydrophobic R groups on the outside of the proteins

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13
Q

Carrier proteins transport

A

passively and actively
they change shape to do this

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14
Q

Cholesterol is a lipid with a hydrophilic

A

end and a hydrophobic other end

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15
Q

Where are cholesterol molecules positioned and how does this increase membrane stability without making them too rigid

A

between phospholipids in a membrane bilayer
hydrophilic end interacts with hydrophilic heads of phospholipids and hydrophobic end with hydrophobic tails of phospholipids
this pulls phospholipids together

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16
Q

Why do cholesterol molecules prevent membranes becoming too solid

A

by stopping phospholipids from grouping too closely and crystallising

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17
Q

where are extrinsic proteins present

A

one side of bilayer

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18
Q

extrinsic proteins have hydrophilic whats on their surface

A

R groups

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19
Q

Glycoproteins are for

A

cell signalling

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20
Q

Glycoproteins play a role in cell

A

adhesion and as receptors for chemical signals

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21
Q

What is cell signalling

A

When chemical signals bind to receptor
elicits response from cell

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22
Q

Glycolipids are called cell

A

markers or antigens and can be recognised by cells of immune system as self(cell of organism) or non self

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23
Q

What is compartmentalisation

A

thé formation of seperate membrane bound areas in a cell

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24
Q

Why is compartmentalisation vital

A

it allows the specific conditions for cellular reactions and protects vital cell components

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25
Q

intrinsic proteins span

A

bilayer

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26
Q

diffusion is the

A

net movement of molecules or ions from an area high concentration to low concentration along a concentration gradient until an equilibrium is reached

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27
Q

what is net movement

A

overall movement
due to kinetic energy all particles constantly moving bumping off eachother so spread out

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28
Q

name the 5 factors affecting diffusion

A

thickness of membrane or distance
concentration gradient
temperate
surface area(larger, faster diffusion)
size of molecule (smaller diffuse faster)

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29
Q

what molecules can diffuse across phospholipid bilayer

A

lipid soluble molecules (steroids hormones)
very small molecules like 02 CO2 and water
can pass between phospholipids
non polar molecules

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30
Q

what type of diffusion for anything charged or too large

A

facilitated diffusion

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31
Q

two types of facilitated passive diffusion

A

channel proteins and carrier proteins

32
Q

channel proteins form pores in

A

membrane allowing passage of larger polar molecules
can be gated

33
Q

carrier proteins have a specific

A

shape to fit one type molecule
which binds
the binding causes carrier protein to change shape open on other side
doesn’t use energy (passive)

34
Q

what’s cell signalling

A

chemicals released by glands etc and are detected by receptors on cell surface membrane

35
Q

if temperature increases phospholipid bilayer becomes more fluid why

A

phospholipids gain more KE and vibrate more so more gaps weaker attraction so more fluid

36
Q

freezing does what to membrane

A

fractures

37
Q

if temperature continues to increase the cell

A

breaks down completely

38
Q

A more fluid bilayer means a more what membrane

A

permeable

39
Q

if carrier and channel products denature at temp increase

A

membrane permeability affected

40
Q

bilayer has hydrophobic

A

core

41
Q

organic solvents like alcohol dissolve

A

membranes (alcohols in antiseptic wipes)

42
Q

why can alcohol molecules enter cell membrane

A

non polar

43
Q

disruption to membrane makes more fluid but neuronal membranes need to be intact for their function. when neuronal membranes in brain are disrupted

A

nerve impulses not transmitted as normal
explains behaviour changes after drinking alcohol

44
Q

why does more diffusion distance mean slower rate diffusion

A

more collisions take place which slows particles overall movement

45
Q

membranes with protein channels are

A

selectively permeable

46
Q

the more channel proteins the

A

higher rate of diffusion

47
Q

osmosis is the net movement of water

A

molécules from an area with a high water potential to an area with a lower water potential across a partially permeable membrane

48
Q

the max water potential is

A

0

49
Q

water potential is the pressure

A

exerted by water molecules as they collide with a membrane or container
the symbol is psi🔱

50
Q

water potential is the pressure

A

exerted by water molecules as they collide with a membrane or container
the symbol is psi🔱

51
Q

what is standard temp and pressure

A

-25 degree celsius and 100kpa

52
Q

what is water potential of pure water

A

0kPa

53
Q

a presence of solute in water does what to water potential

A

lowers below 0

54
Q

the more concentrated a solution the

A

lower the water potential

55
Q

a hypotonic solution has a higher or lower water potential than cells’

A

higher

56
Q

a hypertonic solution has a higher or lower water potential than cell’s

A

lower

57
Q

animal cells are what in a hypertonic solution

A

crenated

58
Q

plant cells are what in hypertonic solution

A

plasmolysed(flaccid)

59
Q

in a hypotonic solution why do animal cells burst

A

no cell wall

60
Q

plant cells become what in hypotonic solution

A

turgid

61
Q

active transport is the movement

A

of molecules or ions into/out of a cell from a region of lower concentration to region of higher concentration
it requires energy and carrier proteins

62
Q

metabolic energy is supplied

A

by ATP

63
Q

1 step for general process of active transport is ion/molecule binds

A

to receptors in the channel of carrier proteins on the outside of cell

64
Q

2 step active transport
on inside of cell what binds to carrier protein and what happens to it

A

ATP
it’s hydrolysed into ADP and phosphate

65
Q

3 step active transport
what causes protein to change shape to open to inside of cell

A

binding of the phosphate molecule to carrier protein

66
Q

step 4 of active transport

A

molecule/ion released into cell

67
Q

what happens after molecule/ion released into cell

A

phosphate molecule released from carrier protein and recombines with ADP to form ATP

68
Q

what is final step of active transport

A

carrier returns to original shape

69
Q

what molecules are too large to go through channel or carrier proteins

A

enzymes hormones bacteria

70
Q

endocytosis is bulk transport

A

into cell

71
Q

cell surface membrane invaginates when

A

comes into contact with the materials

72
Q

membrane enfolds material until fuses forming

A

vesicle

73
Q

energy is needed for three things

A

movement of vesicles along cytoskeleton
changing shape of cell to engulf materials
fusion of cell surface membrane as vesicles form

74
Q

energy is needed for three things

A

movement of vesicles along cytoskeleton
changing shape of cell to engulf materials
fusion of cell surface membrane as vesicles form

75
Q

energy is needed for three things

A

movement of vesicles along cytoskeleton
changing shape of cell to engulf materials
fusion of cell surface membrane as vesicles form

Biology (5 decks)

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