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Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Are organic compounds that serve as
genetic information storage molecules.

A

Nucleic acid

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2
Q

What is the monomer of
NUCLEIC ACID?

A

Nucleic tides

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3
Q

Provides the information to make
proteins

A

Nucleic acid

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4
Q

is a naturally occurring
chemical compound that serve as the
primary information carrying molecule in
cell and make up genetic material.

A

Nucleic acid

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5
Q

A nitrogenous base with a six-membered ring, similar to benzene, that contains cytosine, thymine, and uracil as bases for DNA or RNA.

A

Pyrimidine

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6
Q

One of two chemical substances used by cells to construct the DNA and RNA building blocks.

A

Purine

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7
Q

Purine have?

A

Adenine
Guanine

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8
Q

Pyrimidine have?

A

Uracil
Thymine
Cytosine

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9
Q

3 TYPES OF RNA

A

mRNA – Messenger RNA
● rRNA – Ribosomal RNA
● tRNA – Transfer RNA

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10
Q

● Carries genetic codes from DNA to
Ribosomes
● Nucleus to Ribosomes

A

messenger RNA -mRNA

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11
Q

They transfer amino acids during
protein synthesis

A

Transfer RNA- tRNA

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12
Q

Consist of 80% of the total RNA in the
body found in the ribosomes.

A

Ribosomal RNA - rRNA

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13
Q

molecules that speed up
the rate of chemical
reaction.

A

Emzymes

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14
Q

are the ones the glues
together the nitrogenous
bases.

A

Hydrogen bonds

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15
Q

KEY PLAYERS in the process of DNA Replication

A

1.Helicase

  1. Primase
  2. DNA Polymerase
  3. Ligase
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16
Q

An enzyme that synthesizes short RNA sequences called primers. These primers serve as a starting point for DNA synthesis.

A

Primase

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17
Q

An enzyme which connects two strands for DNA together

A

Ligase

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18
Q

An enzyme that replicates DNA to build a new strand.

A

DNA polymerase

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19
Q

An enzyme that unzips / separates the double helix by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases.

A

Helicase

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20
Q

The initializer
The builder
The unzipping enzyme
The gluer

A

Primase
DNA polymerase
Helicase
Ligase

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21
Q

A region of the DNA that was replicated will be converted into mRNA.

A

Transcription

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22
Q

Information in the nucleotide base
sequence of mRNA is used to dictate
the amino acid sequence of a protein.

A

Translation

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23
Q

is divided into groups of 3 which is
called CODON

A

mRNA

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24
Q

have a specific amino acid
attached to them which
corresponds to the mRNA

A

tRNA

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25
Q

● tRNA groups of 3 is called ?

A

Anticodon

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26
Q

are large category of mutations that
describe a change in single
nucleotide of DNA, that causes that
DNA to be different from the normal
type gene sequence.

A

Point mutation

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27
Q

It has no effect on the protein sequence

A

Silence mutation

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28
Q

● It results in an amino acid substitution

A

Missense mutation

29
Q

It substitute a stop codon for an amino
acid

A

Nonsense mutation

30
Q

A deletion or insertion of one or more
nucleotides will change the reading
frame of the coding strand or how the
codons are read.

A

Frameshift mutation

31
Q

Sometimes, mistakes occur in DNA
replication, mitosis and meiosis. All of these
can alter the DNA sequence and length.

A

Mutagens

32
Q

are commonly in the form of toxic chemicals
and harmful radiation.

A

Mutagens

33
Q

Understanding the gene has led to the
remarkable development of methods for
changing a cell’s DNA.

A

Genetic engineering

34
Q

When DNA from two different
species is joined together, it is
called

A

Recombinant DNA

35
Q

A modern biotechnology called ____________ produces transgenic or GM
crops of organisms. Scientists have
developed methods to move genes from
one species into another.

A

Genetic engineering

36
Q

are able to manufacture genetic
products foreign to them using
recombinant DNA.

A

Transgenic organisms

37
Q

has already been applied to bacteria,
plants and animals. These organisms
are engineered to be of use to humans.

A

Genetic engineering

38
Q

present
organisms with an advantage over
others and ensure their survival

A

Favorable mutations

39
Q

cause infections by entering and
multiplying inside the hosts healthy cells

A

Viruses

40
Q

are single cells that can survive on their
own, inside and outside the body

A

Bacteria

41
Q

● assist your body in creating new cells
and repairing existing ones.
● provide structural support, biochemical
catalysts, hormones, enzymes, building
blocks, and trigger cellular death.

A

Proteins

42
Q

are the most abundant organic
compounds found in a living organism

A

Proteins

43
Q

Greek word ng proteins and meaning

A

Proteios meaning first place

44
Q

What is the monomer of
PROTEINS?

A

Amino acids

45
Q

7 MAJOR CLASSES OF PROTEINS

A
  1. Structural Protein
  2. Contractile Protein
  3. Storage Protein
  4. Defensive Protein
  5. Transport Protein
  6. Signal Protein
  7. Enzymes
46
Q

● Found in the hair of mammals
● Fiber that makes up the tendons and
ligaments
Keratin, collagen, and elastin are
examples of structural proteins.

A

Structural protein

47
Q

Such as ovalbumin, the main substance
of egg white

A

Storage protein

48
Q

Proteins that provide muscular
movement

A

Contractile protein

49
Q

includes hemoglobin, the
iron-containing protein in the blood that
transports oxygen from the lungs to the
other parts of the body.

A

Transport Protein

50
Q

Serves as the chemical catalyst that
changes the rate of chemical reactions

A

Enzymes

51
Q

Such as hormones which help
coordinate body activities

A

Signal protein

52
Q

are the 9 amino acids that should be
consumed

A

○ Histidine
○ Isoleucine
○ Leucine
○ Lysine
○ Methionine
○ Phenylalanine
○ Threonine
○ Tryptophan
○ Valine

53
Q

Amino acids are linked by a peptide
bond also called ?

A

amind bond

54
Q

It is a
covalent chemical bond formed between
molecules containing a carboxyl group
with another molecule containing the
amine group.

A

Amino acids/ Amind bind

55
Q

● the simplest level of protein structure
● is simply the sequence of amino acids
in a polypeptide chain.
● is attached together by a covalent pr
peptide bonds.
● this process is done during the
biosynthesis or translation

A

Primary structure

56
Q

● Refers to local folded structures that form
within a polypeptide due to interactions
between atoms of the backbone
● The backbone just refers to the polypeptide
chain apart from the R groups – so all we
mean here is that secondary structure
does not involve R group atoms

A

Secondary structure

57
Q

● Is the overall three-dimensional
structure of a polypeptide
● Is primarily due to interactions between
the R groups of the amino acids that
make up the protein.

A

Tertiary Structure

58
Q

is the
association of several protein chains or
subunits into a closely packed
arrangement.
● Each of the subunits has its own primary,
secondary, and tertiary structure

A

Quatenary structures

59
Q

Known as immunoglobulins
(lg), these are Y-shaped
proteins that help in
protecting the body by
fighting all foreign bodies
called antigens.

A

Antibody (Ab)

60
Q

They also assist in the
formation of new
molecules by reading
the genetic information
stored in the DNA.

A

Enzyme

61
Q

These are vital in life processes like
digestion and metabolism.

A

Enzyme

62
Q

These are biomolecules that speed up
the chemical reaction in the cells.

A

Enzyme

63
Q

are proteins that
transmit signals to coordinate biological
processes between different cells,
tissues, and organs.

A

Messenger protein
Example growth hormone

64
Q

These are a type of protein that
provides structure and support for cells.

A

Structural Component
Example: Actin, Myosin

65
Q

These are proteins that bind and carry
molecules within the cells and
throughout the body

A

transport storage
Example: Ferritin

66
Q

The process of making protein from RNA.

A

Proteins synthetis

67
Q

where DNA is copied to
RNA

A

Transcription

68
Q

where ribosomes read the
RNA to make proteins.

A

Translation

biology (2 decks)

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