BIO 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What do you call the individuals that studies plants?
A
BOTANIST
2
Q
There are more than ————- known species of plants and more are to be discovered and named in the years to come.
A
350 000
3
Q
What do plants need to sustain growth?
A
Water
Sunlight
Nutrients from Soil
Carbon Dioxide
4
Q
is an essential requirement for plants survival.
A
water
5
Q
from seed termination to maturity, involves a combination of cellular responses and molecular interaction.
A
Plant and Growth
6
Q
All plant species share a common structure:
A
Stem
Leaves
Roots
7
Q
The —— distributes water and nutrients from the roots to the leaves, while sugars are transported from the leaves to the remainder of the plant.
A
Stem
8
Q
The roots of seed plants have three functions:
A
-attaching the plant to the soil,
-absorbing water and nutrients and transfering them upwards, and
-storing photosynthetic products.
9
Q
were modified to exchange gases and absorb moisture.
A
Roots
10
Q
are the primary spots for photosynthesis, which is the mechanism by which plants synthesize food.
A
Leaves
11
Q
are the primary carriers of water from the roots to the leaves.
A
Stem
12
Q
plant vascular tissue that conveys water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant and also provides physical support
A
Xylem
13
Q
the vascular tissue in charge of transport and distribution of the organic nutrients.
A
Phloem
14
Q
are obtained from or created by living organisms and include carbon-hydrogen covalent bonds.
A
Organic Chemicals
15
Q
are made up of non - living components and often feature ionic bonds, no carbon-hydrogen bonds, and very few, if any, carbon atoms.
A
Inorganic Chemicals
16
Q
chemical compounds for the growth and metabolism of plants
A
Plant Nutrients
17
Q
is the chemical change in the body cells that converts food into energy.
A
Metabolic Processes
18
Q
include water and minerals.
A
Inorganic Nutrients
19
Q
is essential because it acts as a natural solvent in biological processes.
A
Water
20
Q
are also vital to bone health, fluid balance management, and chemical transport across cell membranes.
A
Minerals
21
Q
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids
A
Organic Nutrients
22
Q
are the required building elements of various cell components that certain organisms are unable to generate and must get as preformed.
A
Organic nutrients
23
Q
are chemicals produced by plants that govern growth, development,reproduction, longevity, and even death.
A
Phytohormones (Plant Hormones)
24
Q
These tiny compounds arise from secondary metabolism and are responsible for plant response to external stimuli.
A
Phytohormones (Plant Hormones)
25
-Filipino Botanist
-Father of Philippine Orchidology, Botanist and Taxonomist Tax Par Expert
Eduardo Quisumbing
26
A renowned expert in Philippine medicinal plants and orchids
Eduardo Quisumbing
27
-Contributed significantly in the development of deep-water rice, flood-resistant rice, and cold-resistant rice varieties.
-This aided in increasing rice production in the Philippines
Benito Vergara
28
-is an orchid specie
-A fleshy leafed small growing monopodial from the Philippines.
-Easy to grow, likes a slab of tree fern or a small slotted pot or basket. Keep damp but not wet, although in winter, slighlt drier conditions should prevail.
Saccolabium Quisumbingii
29
Animals that lay eggs
Oviparous
30
These animals give birth to live young instead of laying eggs.
Viviparous
31
a mode of reproduction in which a new offspring is produced by a single parent.
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
32
TYPES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
REGENERATION
BUDDING
PARTHENOGENESIS
33
Involves the production and differentiation of new tissues to replace missing and damaged parts of the body.
REGENERATION
34
is a metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose and produces adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Cellular respiration
35
Involves cellular respiration through mitosis and followed by differentiation of the tissues.
REGENERATION
36
-Involves forming a new individual from an outgrowth in the parents’ body.
-Hydras & Polyps
BUDDING
37
Is a development that involves an activated unfertilized egg that undergoes mitosis in the absence of cytokinesis.
PARTHENOGENESIS
38
New individuals are formed from the combination of haploid gametes to form a genetically unique offspring.
Are a characteristics of a nearly all eukaryotes
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
39
A reproduction where female can reproduce even without a male a to mate with
PARTHENOGENESIS
40
are cells containing membrane-bound organelles and are the basis for both unicellular and multicellular organisms.
Eukaryotic cells
41
cells do not have any membrane - bound organelles and are always part of unicellular organisms.
Prokaryotic cells
42
Fusion of are morphologically similar gametes, similar shapes and sizes
Isogamy
43
Fusion of the gametes with different size / form
The smaller pair of gametes is considered male.
Anisogamy
44
- is the fusion of a large non-motile female gamete with a smaller motile male gamete.
-This is a type of anisogamy
Oogamy
45
In some animals, both female and male reproductive organs occur in the same individual.
This is common with the invertebrates such as snails, worms, slugs, sponges, flatworms, annelids and mollusks.
Hermaphrodite
46
An organism that start of as male that converted into female.
Protandry
47
An organism that start of as female that converted into male.
Protogyny
48
Are the primary sex organs in animals that produces gametes
Gonads
49
Are produced by the gonads to regulate the development of gametes and secondary sex organs act as pheromones and produce sexual differences in appearance and behavior.
Hormones
50
Is a long sequence of events that takes place in the production of sperm and egg.
Gametogenesis
51
Refers to the male gamete reproduction
Spermatogenesis
52
Refers to the female gamete reproduction
Oogenesis
53
Refers to the formation of an embryo from a zygote.
Embryogenesis
54
Is directly injecting the sperm into the egg cytoplasm
Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)
55
the joining of a woman's egg and a man's sperm in a laboratory dish.
In vitro fertilization (IVF)
56
Starts when the zygote undergoes rapid cell division resulting in cells called blastomeres.
The cells of blastomeres decrease in size but the size of the embryo remains the same.
Cleavage
57
Is essential for the development of multicellular organisms because it quickly increases the number of cells, allowing for the specialization and differentiation of cells into different tissues and organs as development progresses.
Cleavage
58
develops from blastula and has more cells than blastula.
Gastrula
59
is made up of blastomeres, which are hollow spheres of cells, and blastocoel, which are interior fluid-filled cavities.
Blastula
60
The next stage in embryonic development is the formation of the body plan.
The cells in the blastula rearrange themselves spatially to form three layers of cells. This process is called gastrulation.
Gastrulation
61
Three Germ Layers
Ectoderm - External Layer
Mesoderm - Middle Layer
Endoderm - Internal Layer
62
- gives rise to the nervous system and the epidermis
Ectoderm
63
- gives rise to the muscle cells and connective tissue in the body.
Mesoderm
64
gives rise to columnar cells found in the digestive system and many internal organs.
Endoderm
65
Generally, animals need carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins as basic organic compounds and supply of vitamins, minerals, and water as additional nutrient requirements.
Animal Nutrition
66
Is the most common form of digestion adapted by both unicellular and multicellular organisms.
Phagocytosis
67
Contains digestive enzymes that are produced by the rough endoplasmic reticulum
Lysosomes
68
Involves the secretion of the enzymes where chemical breakdown occurs outside the cell.
Extracellular Digestion
69
Main Body Systems
Integumentary System
Skeletal System
Muscular System
Nervous System
Endocrine System
Cardiovascular System
Lymphatic System
Respiratory System
Digestive System
Reproductive System
Immune System
70
is the component of an animal's body that controls its behavior and sends messages between different bodily parts.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
71
includes the brain and spinal cord.
CNS
72
Nervous system In vertebrates, it is divided into two major parts:
Central nervous system (CNS)
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
73
semi-independent part of the nervous system that controls the gastrointestinal tract.
enteric nervous system
74
three Stages of
Signal Interpretation
Sensory Input
Integration
Motor Input
75
Are responsible for receiving the external stimuli
Sensory Neurons
76
is anything that can trigger a physical or behavioral change
Stimuli
77
e.g light, heat, sound
External Stimuli
78
e.g blood pressure, muscle tension
Internal Stimuli
79
This integrates the sensory signals in the CNS then the motor output (using motor neurons) leaves the CNS to send signal to effector cells.
e.g muscle or endocrine cells
Interneurons
80
Is the basic unit of the nervous system
Composed of a nucleus from the cell body and two types of extensions: dendrites and axon.
Neuron
81
Often occurs singly to transmit signals to neurons and / or effector cells.
Axon
82
Are often numerous in number and are highly branched to receive signals from other neurons.
Dendrites
83
It is the one that connects the axon to the cell body where signals are generated.
Axon Hillock
84
In humans, it is composed of 33 vertebrae that include 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 4 coccygeal.
sauluhin mo TANGAAAAA
85
All Vertebrates contains Three regions
Hindbrain
Midbrain
Forebrain
86
-Junction of the brain and spinal cord
-Coordinates autonomic processes and motor responses
-Cerebellum is an extension of the hindbrain, assists in regulating motor responses.
Hindbrain
87
Responsible for the visual processing and some motor control
Midbrain
88
Located near the anterior end
Can be divided into 2 distinct regions:
> Diencephalon
> Telencephalon
forebrain
89
Contains the thalamus and hypothalamus
Diencephalon
90
Primary purpose is to collect information about the daily light-dark (day-night) cycle from your eyes' retinas and then produce and release (secrete) melatonin accordingly
increased amounts at night (during dark hours) and low levels during the day (during light hours).
Pineal Gland
91
It regulates growth, metabolism, and reproduction through hormones that it generates.
Pituitary Gland
92
Analogous to the nerve cord
Covered with a column of vertebrate
This does not apply to primitive vertebrates such as lampreys and hagfishes.
Spinal Cord
93
muscle control, balance and movement
Cerebellum
94
is placed beneath the cerebrum.
Its purpose is to coordinate muscle movements, maintain posture, and balance.
Cerebellum
95
The biggest section of the brain is made up of the right and left hemispheres.
It conducts higher-level processes like as touch, vision, and hearing, as well as communication, reasoning, emotions, learning, and fine motor control.
Cerebrum
96
is the bottom region of your brain. It resembles a stalk that links the remainder of your brain to the spinal cord.
it transmits information from the brain to the rest of your body.
It regulates numerous subconscious bodily activities, such as breathing and heart rate.
Brain Stem
97
e.g. touch, pressure, pain, and temperature) that are disturbed in the skin, muscles, and joints.
General Senses
98
- e.g. senses of smell. Taste, sight, hearing and balance) incorporated in organs with complex structures.
Special Senses
99
Is the most useful in animals as this allows locating food, marking territory, identifying offspring and attracting a potential mate.
Smell
100
is the microscopic hairs on the surface distributed from the epithelium on the roof of the nose cavity up to the mucus lining.
Cilia
101
Is a nonspecific response to a broad range of microbes formed by the skin and mucous membranes together with macrophages
Innate Immunity
102
There are two lines of defense in innate immunity.
> Skin
> Mucous Membrane
103
Is highly specific response developed only after exposure to pathogens and cells by the recognition of lymphocytes.
Acquired Immunity
104
Lymphocyte provides a specific defense against pathogens.
Acquired Immunity
105
produce the antigen-antibody response are selected for future propagation when similar invader is present.
B cells
106
: attack infected cells by phagocytosis or by injecting chemicals to break down and kill the pathogen.
T cells
107
Are chemical signals secreted by endocrine glands that communicate regulatory messages within the body.
Hormones
108
Coordinate responses to stimuli such as stress, dehydration, and low blood glucose levels as well as regulate growth and development of primary and secondary sexual characteristics.
Hormones
109
Release hormones into the blood.
Neurosecretory Cells
110
-Is the main region that integrates both endocrine and nervous functions in vertebrates.
-This region of the brain contains neurosecretory cells that regulate the activity of the pituitary gland.
Hypothalamus
111
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