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college > biology 1150 test two ( molecules of life ) > Flashcards

biology 1150 test two ( molecules of life ) Flashcards

1
Q

which of the following biological molecules is made up of amino acids

a. carbohydrates
b. lipids
c. proteins
d. nucleic acids

A

c. proteins

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2
Q

carbohydrates supply cells with _____

A

energy

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3
Q

list biological polymer macromolecules (4)

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

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4
Q

polymers are made up of _______ which are ________ molecular sub units

A

monomers / smaller

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5
Q

what is a polymer

A

two monomers put together

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6
Q

what is the process of polymerization

A

adding monomers to a chain

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7
Q

what is the monomer of a carbohydrate

A

simple sugar (glucose)

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8
Q

what is the monomer of a lipid (2)

A

fatty acids and glycerol

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9
Q

what is the monomer of a protein

A

amino acids

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10
Q

what is the monomer of a nucleic acid

A

nucleotides

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11
Q

what happens in dehydration synthesis

A

water molecule is removed and two monomers are joined

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12
Q

what happens in hydrolysis

A

water is added and bonds between monomers are broken

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13
Q

dehydration synthesis is for _______ while hydrolysis is for ________

A

building / breaking down

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14
Q

define monosaccharides

A

simple sugars, the smallest units of carbohydrates

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15
Q

list monosaccharides (3)

A

glucose, fructose, and galactose

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16
Q

define disaccharides

A

double sugars

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17
Q

list disaccharides (3)

A

sucrose, lactose, maltose

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18
Q

lactose is _______ + _________

A

glucose + galactose

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18
Q

sucrose is _______ + _________

A

glucose + fructose

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19
Q

maltose is _______ + _________

A

glucose + glucose

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20
Q

disaccharides are built from ____ monosaccharides

A

2

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20
Q

complex carbohydrates are also known as

A

polysaccharides

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21
Q

list types of polysaccharides (4)

A

starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin

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22
Q

what is starch

A

plants storage of sugar, mixture of branched (amylopectin) and unbranched (amylose) glucose polymer

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23
Q

what is glycogen

A

the storage of polysaccharides in animals, granules of glycogen are stored in cells of the liver

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24
Q

what is cellulose

A

structural polysaccharide found in the cell walls of plants

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25
Q

humans lack the enzyme necessary to digest ______

A

cellulose

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26
Q

what is chitin

A

structural polymer found in fungi cell walls, some algae, and many animal exoskeletons like insects

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27
Q

glycosidic _____ can determine how a polysaccharide is used

A

linkages

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28
Q

what are the smallest units of a lipid (2)

A

fatty acids and glycerol

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29
Q

lipids are hydrophobic

a. true
b. false

A

a. true

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30
Q

what are the 3 main functions of lipids

A

store long term energy, protect vital organs, and form cell membranes

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31
Q

what are the 3 subdivisions of lipids

A

triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids

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32
Q

what are the 2 types of lipids

A

hydrocarbon and fatty acid

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33
Q

hydrocarbon only have ____ and ____ atoms

A

carbon and hydrogen

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34
Q

fatty acid lipids are a hydrocarbon chain _____ to a carboxyl group

A

bound

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35
Q

triglycerides (fats) are formed by

A

3 fatty acid tails linked to glycerol

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36
Q

ester linkage is formed by a _______ _________

A

dehydration reaction

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37
Q

fatty acids have straight tails and can be packed together tightly in

a. saturated fats
b. unsaturated fats

A

a. saturated fats

38
Q

saturated fats tend to be _______ at room temperature

A

solid

39
Q

which is more likely to be stored as fat in the body

a. saturated fats
b. unsaturated fats

A

a. saturated fats

40
Q

fatty acids have kinked tails and cannot be packed tightly together in _________ _____

A

unsaturated fats

41
Q

unsaturated fats tend to be _________ at room temperature

A

liquid

42
Q

unsaturated fats are ______ likely to be stored as fat in the body

A

less

43
Q

fatty acid is saturated if

A

it has max number of hydrogens bonded to the carbons (max amount of energy stored in C-C and C-H bonds)

44
Q

fatty acid is unsaturated if

A

it has at least one carbon to carbon double bond (it reduces the number of C-H bonds thus can store less energy)

45
Q

which of the following molecules do humans produce to store sugar in the liver and muscles

a. glycogen
b. glucose
c. glycerol
d. lipids

A

a. glycogen

46
Q

triglycerides are formed by a reaction among three fatty acid molecules and one

a. amino acid
b. glucose
c. glycerol
d. lipid

A

c. glycerol

47
Q

what are the building blocks of proteins

A

amino acids (smallest unit)

48
Q

amino acids that form proteins are linked by bonds called __________ ___________ which are formed through _______ ___________

A

peptide bonds / dehydration synthesis

49
Q

peptides are chains of ___ ____ amino acids

A

a few

50
Q

polypeptides are chains of _______ or more amino acids

A

10

51
Q

proteins are made of what 4 elements

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

52
Q

proteins provide what 3 things for the body

A

structure, transport, and movement

53
Q

antibodies offer

A

defense

54
Q

hormones _______ body functions

A

regulate

55
Q

enzymes ________ chemical reactions

A

catalyze (speed up)

56
Q

receptors receive chemical signals and initiate ______ _______

A

response movement

57
Q

structural proteins do what (2)

A

support and structure (hair, nails, ect.)

57
Q

contractile proteins do

A

movement

58
Q

transport proteins provide movement across ____ ______ and _____

A

cell membrane / body

59
Q

list the 4 distinct protein levels of structure that affect their function in the body

A

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

60
Q

protein structure is _______

A

hierarchical

61
Q

most structural elements based _____ of the polypeptide chains

A

folding

62
Q

folding is _______ often times

A

spontaneous

63
Q

______ is crucial for proper protein function

A

folding

64
Q

unfold =

A

non functional

65
Q

denatured is a process of protein ______

A

unfolding

66
Q

renatured is the process of ______ a denatured protein (often not successful)

A

refolding

67
Q

_______ ________ are produced in response to high temperature proteins

A

molecular chaperones

68
Q

______ are almost always proteins

A

enzymes

69
Q

enzymes function is to

A

speed up chemical reactions without being consumed

70
Q

without enzymes, chemical reactions within our cells would

A

occur too slow to sustain life

71
Q

______ is due to the unique shape of each enzyme’s active site

A

specificity

72
Q

enzymes ____ the activation energy

A

lower

73
Q

enzymes bind to _______ at the active site, forming an enzyme-substrate complex

A

substrates

74
Q

substrate is _______ to one or more products

A

converted

75
Q

enzymes work by (2)

A

bringing the substrates together in the right orientation and stabilizing the transition state (less energy is required to get things going)

76
Q

what happens in the initiation stage of an enzyme in action

A

reactants bind to the active site in a specific orientation, forming an enzyme-substrate complex

77
Q

what happens in the transition stage of an enzyme in action

A

interactions between enzyme and substrate lower the activation energy required

78
Q

what happens in the termination stage of an enzyme in action

A

products have lower affinity for active site and are released, enzyme is unchanged after the reaction

79
Q

enzymes are also know as

A

catalysts

80
Q

which of the following is true about enzymes

a. lower the energy needed
b. speed up the reaction time
c. most are quite specific (one reaction)
d. all of the above

A

d. all of the above

81
Q

rate of enzyme-catalyzed reaction depends on (4)

A

substrate concentration, enzymes intrinsic affinity for the substrate, temperature, ph

82
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid is more commonly known as

A

dna

83
Q

ribonucleic acid is more commonly known as

A

rna

84
Q

____ and ____ are the two types of nucleic acids

A

dna / rna

85
Q

what are the structural differences between dna and rna (3)

A

sugar, bases, number of strands

86
Q

both rna and dna are ____ of smaller units called nucleotides (the monomer)

A

polymers

87
Q

nucleotide is made up of a ____-____ _____ bonded to one of five nitrogen containing ____ and a phosphate group

A

five-carbon sugar/ bases

88
Q

what is the basic unit for storage of genetic information

A

nucleic acid

89
Q

what sugar does rna have

A

ribose

90
Q

what sugar does dna have

A

deoxyribose

91
Q

rna and dna both consist of adenine, guanine, and cytosine. what is the fourth base for each

A

rna - uracil
dna - thymine

92
Q

which nucleic acid has one strand

A

rna

93
Q

which nucleic acid has 2 strands and forms a double helix

A

dna

94
Q

ribose is ____ stable than deoxyribose due to the extra oxygen

A

less

college (13 decks)

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