biology 1150 test two ( molecules of life ) Flashcards
which of the following biological molecules is made up of amino acids
a. carbohydrates
b. lipids
c. proteins
d. nucleic acids
c. proteins
carbohydrates supply cells with _____
energy
list biological polymer macromolecules (4)
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
polymers are made up of _______ which are ________ molecular sub units
monomers / smaller
what is a polymer
two monomers put together
what is the process of polymerization
adding monomers to a chain
what is the monomer of a carbohydrate
simple sugar (glucose)
what is the monomer of a lipid (2)
fatty acids and glycerol
what is the monomer of a protein
amino acids
what is the monomer of a nucleic acid
nucleotides
what happens in dehydration synthesis
water molecule is removed and two monomers are joined
what happens in hydrolysis
water is added and bonds between monomers are broken
dehydration synthesis is for _______ while hydrolysis is for ________
building / breaking down
define monosaccharides
simple sugars, the smallest units of carbohydrates
list monosaccharides (3)
glucose, fructose, and galactose
define disaccharides
double sugars
list disaccharides (3)
sucrose, lactose, maltose
lactose is _______ + _________
glucose + galactose
sucrose is _______ + _________
glucose + fructose
maltose is _______ + _________
glucose + glucose
disaccharides are built from ____ monosaccharides
2
complex carbohydrates are also known as
polysaccharides
list types of polysaccharides (4)
starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin
what is starch
plants storage of sugar, mixture of branched (amylopectin) and unbranched (amylose) glucose polymer
what is glycogen
the storage of polysaccharides in animals, granules of glycogen are stored in cells of the liver
what is cellulose
structural polysaccharide found in the cell walls of plants
humans lack the enzyme necessary to digest ______
cellulose
what is chitin
structural polymer found in fungi cell walls, some algae, and many animal exoskeletons like insects
glycosidic _____ can determine how a polysaccharide is used
linkages
what are the smallest units of a lipid (2)
fatty acids and glycerol
lipids are hydrophobic
a. true
b. false
a. true
what are the 3 main functions of lipids
store long term energy, protect vital organs, and form cell membranes
what are the 3 subdivisions of lipids
triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids
what are the 2 types of lipids
hydrocarbon and fatty acid
hydrocarbon only have ____ and ____ atoms
carbon and hydrogen
fatty acid lipids are a hydrocarbon chain _____ to a carboxyl group
bound
triglycerides (fats) are formed by
3 fatty acid tails linked to glycerol
ester linkage is formed by a _______ _________
dehydration reaction
fatty acids have straight tails and can be packed together tightly in
a. saturated fats
b. unsaturated fats
a. saturated fats
saturated fats tend to be _______ at room temperature
solid
which is more likely to be stored as fat in the body
a. saturated fats
b. unsaturated fats
a. saturated fats
fatty acids have kinked tails and cannot be packed tightly together in _________ _____
unsaturated fats
unsaturated fats tend to be _________ at room temperature
liquid
unsaturated fats are ______ likely to be stored as fat in the body
less
fatty acid is saturated if
it has max number of hydrogens bonded to the carbons (max amount of energy stored in C-C and C-H bonds)
fatty acid is unsaturated if
it has at least one carbon to carbon double bond (it reduces the number of C-H bonds thus can store less energy)
which of the following molecules do humans produce to store sugar in the liver and muscles
a. glycogen
b. glucose
c. glycerol
d. lipids
a. glycogen
triglycerides are formed by a reaction among three fatty acid molecules and one
a. amino acid
b. glucose
c. glycerol
d. lipid
c. glycerol
what are the building blocks of proteins
amino acids (smallest unit)
amino acids that form proteins are linked by bonds called __________ ___________ which are formed through _______ ___________
peptide bonds / dehydration synthesis
peptides are chains of ___ ____ amino acids
a few
polypeptides are chains of _______ or more amino acids
10
proteins are made of what 4 elements
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
proteins provide what 3 things for the body
structure, transport, and movement
antibodies offer
defense
hormones _______ body functions
regulate
enzymes ________ chemical reactions
catalyze (speed up)
receptors receive chemical signals and initiate ______ _______
response movement
structural proteins do what (2)
support and structure (hair, nails, ect.)
contractile proteins do
movement
transport proteins provide movement across ____ ______ and _____
cell membrane / body
list the 4 distinct protein levels of structure that affect their function in the body
primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
protein structure is _______
hierarchical
most structural elements based _____ of the polypeptide chains
folding
folding is _______ often times
spontaneous
______ is crucial for proper protein function
folding
unfold =
non functional
denatured is a process of protein ______
unfolding
renatured is the process of ______ a denatured protein (often not successful)
refolding
_______ ________ are produced in response to high temperature proteins
molecular chaperones
______ are almost always proteins
enzymes
enzymes function is to
speed up chemical reactions without being consumed
without enzymes, chemical reactions within our cells would
occur too slow to sustain life
______ is due to the unique shape of each enzyme’s active site
specificity
enzymes ____ the activation energy
lower
enzymes bind to _______ at the active site, forming an enzyme-substrate complex
substrates
substrate is _______ to one or more products
converted
enzymes work by (2)
bringing the substrates together in the right orientation and stabilizing the transition state (less energy is required to get things going)
what happens in the initiation stage of an enzyme in action
reactants bind to the active site in a specific orientation, forming an enzyme-substrate complex
what happens in the transition stage of an enzyme in action
interactions between enzyme and substrate lower the activation energy required
what happens in the termination stage of an enzyme in action
products have lower affinity for active site and are released, enzyme is unchanged after the reaction
enzymes are also know as
catalysts
which of the following is true about enzymes
a. lower the energy needed
b. speed up the reaction time
c. most are quite specific (one reaction)
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
rate of enzyme-catalyzed reaction depends on (4)
substrate concentration, enzymes intrinsic affinity for the substrate, temperature, ph
deoxyribonucleic acid is more commonly known as
dna
ribonucleic acid is more commonly known as
rna
____ and ____ are the two types of nucleic acids
dna / rna
what are the structural differences between dna and rna (3)
sugar, bases, number of strands
both rna and dna are ____ of smaller units called nucleotides (the monomer)
polymers
nucleotide is made up of a ____-____ _____ bonded to one of five nitrogen containing ____ and a phosphate group
five-carbon sugar/ bases
what is the basic unit for storage of genetic information
nucleic acid
what sugar does rna have
ribose
what sugar does dna have
deoxyribose
rna and dna both consist of adenine, guanine, and cytosine. what is the fourth base for each
rna - uracil
dna - thymine
which nucleic acid has one strand
rna
which nucleic acid has 2 strands and forms a double helix
dna
ribose is ____ stable than deoxyribose due to the extra oxygen
less
