bio final exam Flashcards
what types of cells are humans made up of
eukaryotic
a chemical bond that results from the sharing in electrons between two atoms where one atom has a higher affinity for electrons that the other is called
polar covalent
if an atom has a charge of -1 then
the atom has one more electron than proton
you isolate a large biological molecule and determine that it is entirely non-polar. because of this molecular property you can guess that this molecule is most likely composed of
fatty acids
what ph would make a solution basic
7-14
what ph would make a solution acidic
0-7
what are the specialized found at the base of the epidermis that produce pigments designed to protect the body from the damaging effects of UV radiation
melanocytes
cholesterols are lipids that are commonly found in the membranes of eukaryotic cells. in what region of the phospholipid bilayer would you expect to find cholesterol embedded
within the non-polar intra-membrane region formed by the phospholipid tails
what organelles are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic type cells
ribosomes
sperm cells require large amounts of ATP for activity. you would expect these cells to have a larger volume of
mitochondria
what organelle is responsible for the synthesis of proteins
rough endoplasmic reticulum
to change the atomic weight of a particular element (make an isotope) you would need to change the number of
neutrons
what organelle is responsible for the production of phospholipids
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
the oxygen requiring processes of cellular respiration occur within the
mitochondria
enzymes lower the ____ required for a reaction to occur
energy
the largest organ on the body is the
skin
what sub atomic particle would alchemists had to manipulate to turn lead (atomic #82) into gold (atomic #79)
protons
a person exposed to continuous sunlight is likely to be making which vitamin
D
a new poison came out that kills organisms without a nucleus. what type of organism is most likely to survive
plants
the process by which molecules travel with the concentration gradient and pass through the cell membrane with the assistance of a protein is called
facilitated diffusion
what membranous organelle chemically modifies and ships proteins to other organelles or out of the cell
golgi complex
most of the energy used by the cell is converted into ATP during
electron transport chain
wbc (macrophages) in the reticuloendothelial system recycle worn out red blood cells and digest foreign invaders. what organelles would you expect to be especially numerous in these cells
lysosomes
what cells form new calcified bone tissue
osteoblasts
what forms within the spaces of spongy bone and function to produce blood cells
red marrow
if a pregnant woman does not get enough calcium in her diet what could happen to her bone tissue
significant bone loss
a chemical reaction that creates more ordered structure by removing water, creating polymers and monomers is called
condensation reaction
straps of connective tissue that hold bones together, support joints, and direct movement are known as
ligaments
bands of connection tissue that aid in attachment of muscles to bones are called
tendons
monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides are all
carbohydrates
the ability of the human body to maintain a relatively constant internal environment is known as
homeostasis
the membranes of our cells are made of mostly
lipids
what is a kind of lipid
triglyceride
when your exercise exceeds your aerobic conditioning, your muscles may ache due to the presence of
lactic acid
what is a product of cellular respiration
energy
skeletal muscle is what type of tissue
muscle tissue
what muscle tissue type is largely under “voluntary” nervous system control
skeletal muscle tissue
the chemical bonds that hold the muscle proteins actin and myosin together result from the equal sharing of electrons between atoms of similar electronegativities known as
nonpolar covalent bonds
chloride ions readily ionize in water and frequently form ionic bonds with important ions of the nervous system sodium and potassium. chloride ions have a -1 charge meaning that
they have one more electron than proton
what is a function of the muscular system
produces movement
many groups of neurotransmitters produced in neurons are protein based. based on this information you would then expect neurons to have many
rough endoplasmic reticulum
the sodium/potassium protein pump found in neurons that actively moves these respective ions against their concentration gradient is an example of a ____ ____protein
active transport
overuse, misuse, and age are some of the factors that contribute to excessive stress on a tendon, causing inflammation known as
tendinitis
what would happen to soldiers exposed to a chemical warfare agent that blocked acetylcholine membrane receptors on skeletal muscle cells
they would be paralyzed
if the inside of the neuron is negatively charged compared to the outside, the neuron is in the
resting state
the concentrations of sodium and potassium ions inside and outside a resting neuron are very different due primarily to
active transport
if a metabolic disorder were to occur that slowed down the rate of Na/K protein pumps in the nerve cells of an individual, how would this affect the resting membrane potential of a neuron
it would be more positive
what neuron protein does novocaine block to prevent the action potential from initially depolarizing (becoming more positive)
sodium ion gated chanels
neurons with a myelin sheath carry impulses _____ than unmyelinated cells
faster
what is a chemical signal that diffuses across the gap between adjacent neurons to convey a message to the next cell
neurotransmitter
the sarcoplasmic reticulum stores ions that are necessary for skeletal muscle contractions. what ions does it store
Ca++ (calcium)
the electrical impulse transmitted by a neuron caused by the movement of ___
ions
why does a person continue to breathe heavily after prolonged activity
the relieve O2 debt
someone who has broken an arm and has had a cast on it for months will notice a distinct shrinking of the arm once the cast is removed. why
if the muscles are not used they will atrophy
this type of hormone characteristically requires a second messenger
water-soluble
cancer cells often fail to respond to certain hormones because they lack these cell membrane features important in binding with one specific hormone
receptors
hormones that are hydrophilic in nature interact with receptors at the cell surface. the reason for this is
hydrophilic compounds cannot cross the plasma membrane
what carries impulses toward the nerve cell body
dendrite
muscles that oppose one another
antagonistic
hormones have direct effects on cells that
are able to recognize the hormones using receptor proteins
what are specialized membrane proteins that actively transport sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membrane
Na/K pump
the receptor for a steroid hormone can be found in the
cytoplasm
one class of hormones are the lipid-insoluble or protein-based hormones made up of _____ ______ sub units
amino acids
ATP is used as an energy source for nearly all cellular metabolic processes. what macromolecule is used preferentially for ATP synthesis
carbohydrates
what characteristic of living things in unique to organisms (only for living things)
they are made up of at least one cell
the work “karyon” is greek for
nut
organisms made up of prokaryotic cell types are found in how many domains
2
what characteristics do all animals, plants, funguses, and protist share
all eukaryotic
what organisms are not composed of eukaryotic cells
bacteria
a single celled organisms that contains a nucleus and other organelles would be classified in domain
eukarya
all species of organisms within domain bacteria cause disease
false
our species (homo sapiens) can be placed within kindom
animalia
a community differs from an ecosystem because
a community consists of all living organisms in an area and an ecosystem consists of all living and nonliving aspects of an area
what is the correct level of organization for multi-cellular organisms from simplest to most complex
tissue to organ to organ system
“an athlete who uses dietary supplements will perform better than one who does not” is an example of a
hypothesis
the act of testing an idea using controlled scientific methods is commonly referred to as
conducting a critical experiment
what is the placebo effect
a frequently observed by poorly understood phenomenon in which people tend to respond favorably to any treatment
what is a double blind study
neither the researcher nor the participants know who is receiving the drug or placebo
a correlation
can seem to reveal a link between two phenomena when a link really does not exists
what does a scientist mean when they use the word theory
an explanation for a natural event that is supported by many sources of data and evidence and is very unlikely to be shown as false
what layer contains the most species of living things
biosphere
if you were raising frying chickens, how much meat could you produce given a metric ton (1000 kg) of feed
100 kg
what is known as unrestricted growth at a constant rate
exponential growth
within soil, bacteria function to
return inorganic matter from organic matter
humans can be primary, secondary, or tertiary consumers
true
the earth is a closed system except for
energy
describe earths carrying capacity for humans
if it grows continually, the human population will eventually reach a size too large for our planet’s resources
what is the final result of mitosis
two genetically identical diploid cells
metaphase occurs prior to the splitting of centromeres and is characterized by
aligning of chromosomes on the equator
mitosis is the process of chromosome separation. cytoplasm is divided between the two daughter cells in a process called
cytokinesis
if the gametes of a fruit have 6 chromosomes, how many would you find in a somatic cell from a fruit fly
12
if meiosis produces haploid cells, how is the diploid number restored for those organisms that spend most of their life in the diploid state
fertilization
a man who carries an allele of an X-linked gene will pass it onto
all his daughters
is pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy likely to be caused by a dominant or recessive allele and is it inherited or sex linked
recessive and sex linked
a diploid individual with two different alleles for a particular gene is said to be
heterozygous for that gene
trisomy 21 is a consequence of _______ (the unequal distribution fo chromosomes during meiosis)
nondisjunction
the process of using the information encoded in the mRNA molecules to assemble polypeptides from animo acids is called
translation
during which phase of mitosis do spindle fibers pull the chromosomes to opposite poles of the cell
anaphase
what is a specific segment of DNA that contains the information to make a protein
gene
the basic subunit of protein is
amino acid
what wbc gives rise to plasma cells which can then produce antibodies
b lymphocytes
the liquid portion of the blood that consists of about 55% of the total volume of blood is referred to as
plasma
if a disease attacked this type of wbc, a person would no longer be able to mobilize his or her specific defenses
helper T lymphocytes
any substance that triggers an immune response is an
antigen
which antibody has a 5-sided arrangement and is usually the first antibody realeased in response to an infection
IgM
allergens combine with IgE to cause mast cells to release an inflammatory chemical called
histamine
the max amount of air that can be moved into and out of the lungs during forceful breathing is called
vital capacity
the amount of air inhaled or exhaled during a normal breath is called
tidal volume
what is a thin-walled, rounded chamber surrounded by a vast network of capillaries
alveolus
if oxygen is present, out cells can make ________ _______ ATP
significantly more
fever is a component of
innate immune respone
if you have your gall bladder removed, your body will no longer be able to concentrate
bile
if a person were unable to produce much of this substance, the gastric juices might destroy the stomach lining
mucus
what is the importance of consuming adequate amounts of protein in a the diet
proteins serve a variety of structural and enzymatic functions in the body
the basic subunit of a lipid is
fatty acid
why is the break down of large food pieces into smaller ones important to digestion
smaller pieces of food have more surface area leading to more efficient chemical digestion
what nutrient molecule would you expect to be absorbed inot the lumen of the small intestine through simple diffusion
small lipids
when a patient has their gall bladder removed, what is recommended to be consumed in smaller amounts
lipids
if you put a piece of white break (high in carbs) on your tounge and let it dissolve, it would taste
sweet
what prevents food from going down the treachea
epiglottis
what nutrient is initially broken down by enzymes in the mouth
carbohydrates
cancerous cells routinely form within out body but natural killer cells are responsible for destroying them
true
O2 and CO2 enter and exit the bloodstream from the lungs through the process of
simple diffusion
what is the ECM in blood called
plasma
which component of blood is primarily responsible for clotting
platelets
what is an accessory organ to the alimentary canal (digestive tract)
gall bladder
what is the metal in the center of hemoglobin molecules
iron
which organ in the digestive tract is responsible for the absorption of most nutrients from our food
small intestine
what are the 7 characteristics of life
composed of cells, different levels of organization, use energy, respond to environment, grows, reproduces, and adapts
three domains of life are
bacteria, archea, and eukarya
domains archea and bacteria are _____ meaning they are single celled and have no nucleus
prokaryotic
what are the steps in the scientific method
observation, question, hypothesis, conduct experiment, analyze data, draw conclusions
dependent variable
being observed, relies on independent variable
independent variable
being changed
what is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
prokaryotic are unicellular and lack a nucleus and eukaryotic are multicellular and have a nucleus
which growth model has an S shaped curve
logistic
what does a rectangular pattern indicate on an age pyramid
that there is a similar number in births and deaths
what does a triangular pattern mean on an age pyramid
that there are more births than deaths
what is a niche
role that a species has in an ecosystem
what are the 4 basic trophic levels
primary producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, and tertiary consumers
what is biomass
the biological material derived from living or recently living organisms
what is biological amplification
increasing concentration of a toxic chemical in the tissues of organisms up the food chain
osmosis moves water from a ____ concentration to a ____ concentration
low / high
this solution causes the cell to shrivel because the water is diffused out of the cell
hypertonic solution
this solution causes the cell to burst because the water is moving inside the cell
hypotonic solutions
this solution allows water to move freely due to the cells having the same osmotic pressure
isotonic solutions
in relativity to ATP production, _____ occurs in the cytoplasm and does not require oxygen while the ____ _____ occurs in the mitochondria
glycolysis / krebs cycle
what step produces the most ATP
electron transport chain
