bio final exam Flashcards
what types of cells are humans made up of
eukaryotic
a chemical bond that results from the sharing in electrons between two atoms where one atom has a higher affinity for electrons that the other is called
polar covalent
if an atom has a charge of -1 then
the atom has one more electron than proton
you isolate a large biological molecule and determine that it is entirely non-polar. because of this molecular property you can guess that this molecule is most likely composed of
fatty acids
what ph would make a solution basic
7-14
what ph would make a solution acidic
0-7
what are the specialized found at the base of the epidermis that produce pigments designed to protect the body from the damaging effects of UV radiation
melanocytes
cholesterols are lipids that are commonly found in the membranes of eukaryotic cells. in what region of the phospholipid bilayer would you expect to find cholesterol embedded
within the non-polar intra-membrane region formed by the phospholipid tails
what organelles are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic type cells
ribosomes
sperm cells require large amounts of ATP for activity. you would expect these cells to have a larger volume of
mitochondria
what organelle is responsible for the synthesis of proteins
rough endoplasmic reticulum
to change the atomic weight of a particular element (make an isotope) you would need to change the number of
neutrons
what organelle is responsible for the production of phospholipids
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
the oxygen requiring processes of cellular respiration occur within the
mitochondria
enzymes lower the ____ required for a reaction to occur
energy
the largest organ on the body is the
skin
what sub atomic particle would alchemists had to manipulate to turn lead (atomic #82) into gold (atomic #79)
protons
a person exposed to continuous sunlight is likely to be making which vitamin
D
a new poison came out that kills organisms without a nucleus. what type of organism is most likely to survive
plants
the process by which molecules travel with the concentration gradient and pass through the cell membrane with the assistance of a protein is called
facilitated diffusion
what membranous organelle chemically modifies and ships proteins to other organelles or out of the cell
golgi complex
most of the energy used by the cell is converted into ATP during
electron transport chain
wbc (macrophages) in the reticuloendothelial system recycle worn out red blood cells and digest foreign invaders. what organelles would you expect to be especially numerous in these cells
lysosomes
what cells form new calcified bone tissue
osteoblasts
what forms within the spaces of spongy bone and function to produce blood cells
red marrow
if a pregnant woman does not get enough calcium in her diet what could happen to her bone tissue
significant bone loss
a chemical reaction that creates more ordered structure by removing water, creating polymers and monomers is called
condensation reaction
straps of connective tissue that hold bones together, support joints, and direct movement are known as
ligaments
bands of connection tissue that aid in attachment of muscles to bones are called
tendons
monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides are all
carbohydrates
the ability of the human body to maintain a relatively constant internal environment is known as
homeostasis
the membranes of our cells are made of mostly
lipids
what is a kind of lipid
triglyceride
when your exercise exceeds your aerobic conditioning, your muscles may ache due to the presence of
lactic acid
what is a product of cellular respiration
energy
skeletal muscle is what type of tissue
muscle tissue
what muscle tissue type is largely under “voluntary” nervous system control
skeletal muscle tissue
the chemical bonds that hold the muscle proteins actin and myosin together result from the equal sharing of electrons between atoms of similar electronegativities known as
nonpolar covalent bonds
chloride ions readily ionize in water and frequently form ionic bonds with important ions of the nervous system sodium and potassium. chloride ions have a -1 charge meaning that
they have one more electron than proton
what is a function of the muscular system
produces movement
many groups of neurotransmitters produced in neurons are protein based. based on this information you would then expect neurons to have many
rough endoplasmic reticulum
the sodium/potassium protein pump found in neurons that actively moves these respective ions against their concentration gradient is an example of a ____ ____protein
active transport
overuse, misuse, and age are some of the factors that contribute to excessive stress on a tendon, causing inflammation known as
tendinitis
what would happen to soldiers exposed to a chemical warfare agent that blocked acetylcholine membrane receptors on skeletal muscle cells
they would be paralyzed
if the inside of the neuron is negatively charged compared to the outside, the neuron is in the
resting state
the concentrations of sodium and potassium ions inside and outside a resting neuron are very different due primarily to
active transport
if a metabolic disorder were to occur that slowed down the rate of Na/K protein pumps in the nerve cells of an individual, how would this affect the resting membrane potential of a neuron
it would be more positive
what neuron protein does novocaine block to prevent the action potential from initially depolarizing (becoming more positive)
sodium ion gated chanels
neurons with a myelin sheath carry impulses _____ than unmyelinated cells
faster
what is a chemical signal that diffuses across the gap between adjacent neurons to convey a message to the next cell
neurotransmitter
the sarcoplasmic reticulum stores ions that are necessary for skeletal muscle contractions. what ions does it store
Ca++ (calcium)
the electrical impulse transmitted by a neuron caused by the movement of ___
ions
why does a person continue to breathe heavily after prolonged activity
the relieve O2 debt
someone who has broken an arm and has had a cast on it for months will notice a distinct shrinking of the arm once the cast is removed. why
if the muscles are not used they will atrophy
this type of hormone characteristically requires a second messenger
water-soluble
cancer cells often fail to respond to certain hormones because they lack these cell membrane features important in binding with one specific hormone
receptors
hormones that are hydrophilic in nature interact with receptors at the cell surface. the reason for this is
hydrophilic compounds cannot cross the plasma membrane
what carries impulses toward the nerve cell body
dendrite
muscles that oppose one another
antagonistic
