Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP Biology > Biological Systems > Flashcards

Biological Systems Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Anabolic Reactions

A

chemical reactions in which simpler substances are combined to form more complex molecules (usually require energy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Apomixis

A

natural ability of more than 400 plant species to reproduce asexually through seed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

ATP Synthetase

A

important enzyme that provides energy for the cell to use through the synthesis of ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Binary Fission

A

form of asexual reproduction and cell division used by all prokaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Budding

A

a form of asexual reproduction in which a new organism develops from an outgrowth or bud due to cell division at one particular site; remains attached to parent as it grows, separates once mature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Calvin Cycle

A

a metabolic pathway found in the stroma of the chloroplast in which carbon enters in the form of CO2 and leaves in the form of sugar; uses ATP for energy and NADPH2 as reducing power to add high energy electrons to make sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Catabolic Reactions

A

chemical reactions that result in the breakdown of more complex organic molecules into simpler substances; release energy used for anabolic reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

the movement of ions across a selectively permeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient; creates ATP by moving hydrogen ions across membrane during cellular respiration or photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Chloroplasts

A

organelles in plant cells; conduct photosynthesis; chlorophyll captures energy from sunlight and stores it in ATP and NADH while freeing oxygen from water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Competitive Inhibiton

A

a form of enzyme inhibition where binding of inhibitor to active site on enzyme prevents binding of substrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Consumers

A

hetertrophs; animals, bacteria, and fungus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Active Transport

A

The movement of molecules across a cell membrane in the direction against their concentration gradient (moving from lower concentration to higher)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Courtship Behavior

A

Behavior by which different species select their partners for reproduction; males usually start courtship, females mate or reject

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cryptic Coloration

A

coloration that allows an organism to match its background and hence become less vulnerable to predation or recognition by prey

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cuticle

A

the outer layer or part of an organism that comes in contact with the environment; humans- epidermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cyclic Phosphorylation

A

phosphorylation in which electrons travel in a cycle; through ETC, causing protons to cross the membrane and pile up on one side; the protons travel back through ATP synthase which creates ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Intracellular matrix which supports cell shape and function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Diffusion

A

The movement of atoms or small molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration (across a cell membrane)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Endergonic Reaction

A

a chemical reaction in which the change in free energy (ΔG) is positive and energy is absorbed (non-spontaneous)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Energy Coupling

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Enthalpy

A

The amount of heat content used or released in a system at constant pressure; the total energy of a system (ΔH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Entropy

A

A measure of a system’s disorder or randomness; represents unavailability of a system’s thermal energy for conversion (ΔS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Exergonic Reactions

A

net release of free energy and is spontaneous (do not require energy); G decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

The process of spontaneous passive transport of molecules or ions across a biological membrane by transmembrane integral proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Feedback Inhibition

A

The product of one reaction becomes the substrate for the next reaction; when finished.. the substances at the end of a long series of reactions inhibits a reaction at the beginning of the series of reactions

26
Q

Fermentation

A

A metabolic process that converts sugar to acids, gases, and/or alcohol; in yeast and bacteria; occurs in lack of oxygen to produce ATP; turns NADH and pyruvate ➡️ NAD+ .. occurs when cellular respiration cannot

27
Q

G proteins

A

Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins; act as molecular switches inside cells, transmit signals from outside of cell to inside; when bound to GTP, they are ‘on’, when bound to GDP, they are ‘off’

28
Q

Glycolysis

A

First part of cellular respiration; breaks down glucose [C6H12O6] into pyruvate [CH3COCOO− + H+] using 2 ATP

29
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

packages proteins into membrane bound vesicles inside the cell before sent to destination; processes proteins for secretion

30
Q

Homeostasis

A

the tendency toward a relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements, especially as maintained by physiological processes

31
Q

Hypertonic

A

A solution of higher osmotic pressure (larger concentrations of particles) than another solution with which it is compared

32
Q

Hypotonic

A

solutions with lower osmotic pressure (lower concentrations of molecules) than that of another solution

33
Q

Isotonic

A

Molecular concentration/ osmotic pressure is equal between two solutions

34
Q

Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

A

a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate into CO2 and ATP; consumes acetate and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH and produces CO2 as waste byproduct

35
Q

lysosome

A

membrane-bound organelle found in most animal cells; contains hydrolytic enzymes to break down biomolecules; waste disposal system of cell

36
Q

Meiosis

A

creates 4 daughter cells with 1/2 the number of chromosomes as parent from 1 cell

37
Q

Mitochondrion

A

generate most of the cell’s ATP; regulates signaling, cellular differentiation, cell death, maintains control of cell cycle and cell growth

38
Q

Mitosis

A

chromosomes in a cell nucleus are separated into two identical sets of chromosomes, each in its own nucleus

39
Q

Negative Feedback

A

brings you closer to target point, stabilization, may go above and below target until it reaches desired point; ex- hypothalamus senses body is too hot, begin to sweat (as sweat evaporates, they carry heat away with them) and begin to vasodialate (blood carried to skin surface)… if heat drops too far, begin to get goosebumps (pulls in skin to conserve heat), stands up hair, vasoconstrict (pull blood into body surface)

40
Q

Net Primary Productivity

A

synthesis of organic compounds from atmospheric or aqueous CO2; occurs through photosynthesis* or chemosynthesis; primary producers/ autotrophs are responsible

41
Q

Noncyclic Photophosphorylation

A

In plants, in thylakoid membrane; sunlight triggers electrons to leave photosystem II, travel through ETC, cause protons to cross membrane, then reside in photosystem I. Then, they are transferred to NADP+ (electron carrier); water replaces electron in photosystem II; protons transport back through ATP synthase, creating ATP, NADP+, and oxygen

42
Q

Osmoconformer

A

marine organisms that maintain an internal environment that is isosmotic to their external environment. (osmotic pressure is equal) (limits influx and efflux of water)

43
Q

Osmoregulation

A

the active regulation of the osmotic pressure of an organism’s fluids to maintain the homeostasis of the organism’s water content; keeps organism’s fluids from becoming too diluted or too concentrated

44
Q

Osmosis

A

the spontaneous net movement of solvent molecules through a semi-permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration, in the direction that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides

45
Q

Passive Transport

A

a movement of biochemicals and other molecules across cell membranes; does not require chemical energy; driven by entropy; rate depends on permeability

46
Q

Periodic Disturbances

A

a temporary change in environmental conditions that causes a pronounced change in an ecosystem; act quickly with large effect, sometimes results in removal of biomass

47
Q

Pheromones

A

chemicals that are secreted in sweat and other bodily fluids that are believed to influence the behavior of the opposite sex; triggers sexual interest

48
Q

Photosynthesis

A

a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy; used as fuel

49
Q

Phylogeny

A

the history of the evolution of a species or a group, especially in reference to lines of descent and relationships among broad groups of organisms

50
Q

Positive Feedback

A

amplification, and move away from target point

51
Q

Primary Succession

A

in an environment with new substrate devoid of vegetation and usually lacking soil (lava flow or area left from retreated glacier); gradual growth of an ecosystem over a longer period

52
Q

Ribosome

A

a large and complex molecular machine that serves as a site of biological protein synthesis; link amino acids together in order specified by mRNA; small ribosomal subunit reads RNA; large subunit joins amino acids together to form a polypeptide chain

53
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

involved in some protein production, protein folding, quality control and despatch; “rough” because studded with ribosomes

54
Q

Rubisco

A

During Calvin Cycle… catalyzes reaction in which CO2 combines with a substance called RuBP (Ribulose Biphosphate), creates 6 carbon molecule; needed to make glucose and sucrose, and help plant respire

55
Q

Secondary Succession

A

the series of community series of community changes in which take place on a previously colonized, but disturbed or damaged habitat

56
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

produces and metabolizes fats and steroid hormones; “smooth” because not studded by with ribosomes and associated with smooth slippery fats

57
Q

Transcription Factors

A

proteins involved in the process of converting, or transcribing DNA into RNA; wide number of proteins, excluding RNA polymerase.. initiate and regulate transcription of genes

58
Q

Vegetative Reproduction

A

asexual reproduction in plants in which multicellular structures become detached from the parent plant and develop into new individuals that are genetically identical to the parent plant

59
Q

Endocytosis

A

an energy-using process by which cells absorb molecules (such as proteins) by engulfing them; occurs with large polar molecules which cannot pass through hydrophobic plasma or cell membrane; moving cells inside; ex- phagocyte comes in cell, binds with lysosome and digests pathogen so cell can make antibodies

60
Q

Exocytosis

A

A process by which the contents of a vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane; ex- neurotransmitters are released between synapses when neurons are sending a signal

AP Biology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions