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AP Biology > Big Idea 3 > Flashcards

Big Idea 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Alternative Splicing

A

a regulated process during gene expression that results in a single gene coding for multiple proteins; particular exons of a gene may be included within or excluded from the final, processed messenger RNA (mRNA) produced from that gene

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2
Q

Aneuploidy

A

the presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell (too many or too little)

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3
Q

Cell plate

A

only in plants; develops at midpoint between the two groups of chromosomes in a dividing cell and that is involved in forming the wall between the two new daughter cells

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4
Q

Centromere

A

the part of a chromosome that links sister chromatids; during mitosis, spindle fibers attach to the centromere via the kinetochore

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5
Q

Cleavage Furrow

A

the indentation of the cell’s surface that begins the progression of cleavage, by which animal (some algae) cells undergo cytokinesis; actin and myosin (proteins) form cleavage furrow

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6
Q

Codominance

A

recessive and dominant traits appear together in the phenotype; creates a new phenotype; ex- red + white = red and white spotted

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7
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

dominant and recessive traits blend to form new phenotype; ex- red + white = pink

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8
Q

Conjunction

A

???

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9
Q

Crossing Over

A

the exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes, resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring

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10
Q

Ctokinesis

A

the cytoplasmic division of a cell at the end of mitosis or meiosis, separating the two daughter cells

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11
Q

DNA

A

a self replicating material present in nearly all living organisms; carrier of genetic information

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12
Q

DNA ligase

A

a specific type of enzyme that facilitates the joining of DNA strands together by catalyzing the formation of a phosphodiester bond

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13
Q

Phosphodiester bond

A

the linkage between the 3’ carbon atom of one sugar molecule and the 5’ carbon atom of another (deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA); strong covalent bonds form between the phosphate group and two 5-carbon ring carbohydrates over two ester bonds

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14
Q

DNA Methylation

A

the addition of a methyl (CH3) group to the cytosine or guanine nucleotides; methyl group added to fifth carbon of cytosine base or sixth nitrogen of adenine base

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15
Q

DNA polymerase

A

a type of enzyme that is responsible for forming new copies of DNA

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16
Q

DNA replication

A

the process by which a double-stranded DNA molecule is copied to produce two identical DNA molecules ; daughter cells of DNA are identical

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17
Q

Epistasis

A

effect of one gene is dependent on the presence of one or more ‘modifier genes’; one combination of such genes has a dominant effect over other combinations

18
Q

Euchromatin

A

a lightly packed form of chromatin (DNA, RNA, and protein) that is rich in gene concentration and is often under active transcription; most of the active portion of genome

19
Q

Helicases

A

enzymes that bind and may even remodel nucleic acid or nucleic acid protein complexes; RNA and DNA helicases; DNA helicases separate double-stranded DNA into single strands during DNA replication

20
Q

Hemizygous

A

characterized by one or more genes that have no allelic counterparts (X paired with Y or genetic deficiency)

21
Q

Heterochromatin

A

a tightly packed form of DNA; many functions including gene regulation; constitutive (affect genes near them.. repetitive, forms centromeres and telomeres) or facultative (genes are silenced through mechanism, not repetitive)

22
Q

Independent Assortment

A

formation of random combinations of chromosomes in meiosis and of genes on different pairs of homologous chromosomes by passage of one of each diploid pair of homologous chromosomes into each gamete independently of eachother

23
Q

Inducible Operon

A

a regulatory repressor protein is normally bound to the operator, which prevents the transcription of the genes on the operon; if inducer is present, it binds to repressor and changes its conformation so that it is unable to bind to the operator

24
Q

Kinetochore

A

protein structure on chromatids where the spindle fibers attach during cell division to pull sister chromatids apart

25
Q

Lysogenic Cycle

A

Viral reproduction; bacteriophage nucleic acids enters hosts’ bacterium genome, but bacterium lives and reproduces normally

26
Q

Lytic Cycle

A

Viral reproduction; destruction of infected cell; viral DNA exists as separate molecule within bacterial cell, replicates separately from host

27
Q

Meiosis

A

a specialized type of cell division which reduces the chromosome number by half; one cell makes four with 1/2 DNA

28
Q

Nondisjunction

A

failure of one or more pairs of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate normally during nuclear division, usually results in abnormal distribution of chromosomes in daughter nuclei

29
Q

Nucleotide

A

organic molecules that serve as monomers of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA; building block of nucleic acids; composed of a nitrogenous base, 5-carbon sugar, and at least one phosphate group

30
Q

Operons

A

units made up of linked genes which regulate other genes responsible for protein synthesis

31
Q

Pilus

A

a hairlike appendage found on the surface of many bacteria; adheres bacterial cell to other cell

32
Q

Polygenic Inheritance

A

occurs when one characteristic is controlled by two or more genes; genes are large in quantity but small in effect; ex- height, skin color, eye color, weight

33
Q

Purine

A

a colorless crystalline compound substituted derivatives found in DNA and RNA (adenine and guanine)

34
Q

Pyrimidine

A

colorless crystalline compound substituted in DNA (thymine and cytosine)

35
Q

Repressible Operon

A

activated repressor protein binds to operator and prevents transcription

36
Q

Splicing

A

modification of mRNA

37
Q

Synapsis

A

fusion of chromosome pairs at the start of meiosis

38
Q

Telomere

A

a region of repetitive nucleotide sequences at each end of chromatid; protects the ends from deterioration or fusion with other chromosomes

39
Q

Transduction

A

the process by which DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another by a virus; does not require physical contact

40
Q

Transformation

A

the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake of exogenous DNA from its surroundings; only occurs when bacteria is in state of competence (ability to uptake naked DNA)

41
Q

Allele

A

One of two alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome

AP Biology (8 decks)

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