Biological Molecules exam qs Flashcards
The general structure of a fatty acid is RCOOH. Name the group represented by COOH
Carboxyl
accept carboxylic acid
Describe how you would test for the presence of a lipid and how you would recognise a positive result (2 marks)
- Add ethanol/alcohol then add water and shake/mix
OR
Add ethanol/alcohol and shake/mix then pour into/add water; Reject heating the emulsion test
Accept ‘Add Sudan III and mix’
Ignore a second shake - White/milky (emulsion)
OR
(emulsion) test turns white/milky;
Ignore cloudy
Reject precipitate
Accept (for Sudan III) top (layer) red
Describe how a triglyceride molecule is formed (3 marks)
- One glycerol and three fatty acids;
- Condensation (reactions) and removal of three molecules of water;
- Ester bond(s) (formed);
Accept all marks in suitably labelled diagram OR in a balanced equation
Describe how an ester bond is formed in a phospholipid molecule (2 marks)
- Condensation (reaction)
OR
Loss of water; - Between glycerol and fatty acid;
Accept labelled diagram
Scientists investigated the percentage of different types of lipid in plasma membranes from different types of cell. The scientists expressed their results as Percentage of lipid in plasma membrane by mass. Explain how they would find these values (2 marks)
- Divide mass of each lipid by total mass of all lipids (in that type of cell);
- Multiply answer by 100.
Cholesterol increases the stability of plasma membranes. Cholesterol does this by making membranes less flexible. Suggest one advance of the different percentage of cholesterol in red blood cells compared with cells lining the ileum (1 mark)
(membrane of red blood cell of mammal had 23% cholesterol, whereas membrane of cell lining ileum of mammal had 17% cholesterol)
Red blood cells free in blood / not supported by other cells so cholesterol helps to maintain shape;
Allow converse for cell from ileum – cell supported by others in endothelium so cholesterol has less effect on maintaining shape
E. Coli has no cholesterol in its cell surface membrane. Despite this, the cell maintains a constant shape. Explain why. (2 marks)
- Cell unable to change shape;
- (Because) cell has a cell wall;
- (Wall is) rigid / made of peptidoglycan / murein.
Newborn babies can be fed with breast milk or with formula milk. Both types of milk contain carbohydrates, lipids and proteins.
• Human breast milk also contains a bile-activated lipase. This enzyme is thought to be inactive in milk but activated by bile in the small intestine of the newborn baby.
• Formula milk does not contain a bile-activated lipase.
Scientists investigated the benefits of breast milk compared with formula milk.
(a)
The scientists used kittens (newborn cats) as model organisms in their laboratory investigation.
Other than ethical reasons, suggest two reasons why they chose to use cats as model organisms. (2 marks)
Two suitable suggestions; E.g.
1. (Are mammals so) likely to have same physiology / reactions as humans;
2. Small enough to keep in laboratory / produce enough milk to extract;
3. (Can use a) large number.
Ignore references to ethical issues
Before starting their experiments, the scientists confirmed that, like human breast milk, cat’s milk also contained bile-activated lipase.
To do this, they added bile to cat’s milk and monitored the pH of the mixture.
Explain why monitoring the pH of the mixture could show whether the cat’s milk contained lipase (2 marks)
- Hydrolysis of lipids produces fatty acids;
- Which lower pH of mixture.
From how many molecules is a triglyceride formed
4
The structure of a phospholipid molecule is different from that of a triglyceride. Describe how a phospholipid is different (2 marks)
- Phosphate / PO4;
“It” refers to phospholipid - Instead of one of the fatty acids / and two fatty acids;
Accept minor errors in formula. Do not accept phosphorus / phosphorus group.
Omega-3 fatty acids are unsaturated. What is an unsaturated fatty acid?
Double bond(s);
(Bonds) between carbon;
C=C bond(s) = 2 marks
‘No’ C=C bond(s) disqualifies 1 mark only
Accept: does not contain maximum number of H for 1 mark Neutral: contains C=O bonds
Starch, glycogen, deoxyribose, DNA helicase
Which of these substances contains only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen?
Starch, glycogen and deoxyribose
all 3 are needed for the mark
Starch, glycogen, deoxyribose, DNA helicase
Which of these substances is made from amino acid monomers?
DNA helicase
Starch, glycogen, deoxyribose, DNA helicase
Which of these substances is found in both animal cells and plant cells?
Deoxyribose and DNA helicase
Hydrogen bonds are important in cellulose molecules. Explain why. (2 marks)
- Holds chains / cellulose molecules together / forms cross links between chains / cellulose molecules / forms microfibrils, providing strength / rigidity (to cellulose / cell wall);
2 . Hydrogen bonds strong in large numbers;
Principles here are first mark for where hydrogen bonds are formed and second for a consequence of this.
Accept microfibres
A starch molecule has a spiral shape. Explain why this shape is important to its function in cells. (1 mark)
Compact / occupies small space / tightly packed;
Answer indicates depth required. Answers such as “good for storage”, “easily stored” or “small” are insufficient.
A precipitate is produced in a positive result for reducing sugar in a Benedict’s test. A precipitate is solid matter suspended in solution. A student carried out the Benedict’s test. Suggest a method, other than using a colorimeter, that this student could use to measure the quantity of reducing sugar in a solution. (2 marks)
- Filter and dry (the precipitate);
Accept: correct reference to evaporation after filtration - Find mass/weight;
In an investigation, a student wanted to identify the solutions in two beakers, A and B. She knew one beaker contained maltose solution and the other beaker contained glucose solution. Both solutions had the same concentration.
She did two separate biochemical tests on a sample from each beaker.
Test 1 – used Benedict’s solution to test for reducing sugar.
Test 2 – added the enzyme maltase, heated the mixture at 30 °C for 5 minutes, and then used Benedict’s solution to test for reducing sugar. Maltose is hydrolysed by maltase.
The student’s results are shown in the table below.
(Beaker A - red in Test 1 and red in Test 2)
(Beaker B - red in Test 1 and dark red in Test 2)
Explain the results for beaker A and B in the table (2 marks)
- A = glucose and B = maltose;
- Because more sugar/precipitate after hydrolysis/maltase action; Accept ‘higher concentration of sugar’ for ‘more sugar’ Accept ‘break down’ for hydrolysis
Use of a colorimeter in this investigation would improve the repeatability of the student’s results.
Give one reason why. (1 mark)
Quantitative
OR
(Colour change is) subjective;
Accept: accurate/precise
Standardises (the) method;
In Test 1, the student used a measuring cylinder to measure 15 cm3 of solution from a beaker. The measuring cylinder gives a volume with an uncertainty of ±1 cm3. She used a graduated syringe to measure 5.0 cm3 of Benedict’s solution. The graduated syringe gives a volume with an uncertainty of ± 0.5 cm3. She mixed these volumes of liquid to do the biochemical test.
Calculate the percentage error for the measurements used to obtain a 20 cm3 mixture of the solution from the beaker and Benedict’s solution. Show your working. (2 marks)
16.67 − 17 = 2 marks;
(cumulative percentage error of both measuring vessels)
If incorrect final answer, accept for 1 mark: 0.167 − 0.17 (not a percentage)
(1/15 + 0.5/5) x 100
OR
evidence of
1/15 + 0.5/5
(correct understanding, but not calculated)
Ignore: ± (plus or minus) in answer
What is a monomer? (1 mark)
(a monomer is a smaller / repeating) unit / molecule from which larger molecules / polymers are made;
Reject atoms / elements / ’building blocks’ for units / molecules
Ignore examples
Lactulose is a disaccharide formed from one molecule of galactose and one molecule of fructose.
Other than being disaccharides, give one similarity and one difference between the structures of lactulose and lactose (2 marks)
Similarity
1. Both contain galactose / a glycosidic bond;
Ignore references to hydrolysis and / or condensation
Difference
2. Lactulose contains fructose, whereas lactose contains glucose;
ignore alpha/beta prefix for glucose
Difference must be stated, not implied
Glycogen and cellulose are both carbohydrates. Describe two differences between the structure of a cellulose molecule and a glycogen molecule. (2 marks)
- Cellulose is made up of β-glucose (monomers) and glycogen is made up of α-glucose (monomers);
- Cellulose molecule has straight chain and glycogen is branched;
- Cellulose molecule has straight chain and glycogen is coiled;
- glycogen has 1,4- and 1,6- glycosidic bonds and cellulose has only 1,4- glycosidic bonds;
Ignore ref. to H bonds / microfibrils
Starch is a carbohydrate often stored in plant cells. Describe and explain two features of starch that make it a good storage molecule (2 marks)
Any two from:
1. Insoluble (in water), so doesn’t affect water potential;
2. Branched / coiled / (α-)helix, so makes molecule compact;
OR
Branched / coiled / (α-)helix so can fit many (molecules) in
small area;
3. Polymer of (α-)glucose so provides glucose for respiration;
4. Branched / more ends for fast breakdown / enzyme action;
5. Large (molecule), so can’t cross the cell membrane
Require feature and explanation for 1 mark
1. Accept Ψ or WP
1. Accept Insoluble so doesn’t affect osmosis
1. Do not allow ref to ‘doesn’t affect water leaving cells
4. Ignore ‘surface area’
4. Accept ‘branched so glucose readily released’
In mammals, in the early stages of pregnancy, a developing embryo exchanges substances with its mother via cells in the lining of the uterus. At this stage, there is a high concentration of glycogen in cells lining the uterus.
Describe the structure of glycogen (2 marks)
1.
Polysaccharide of α-glucose; OR
polymer of α-glucose;
- (Joined by) glycosidic bonds
OR
Branched structure;
In mammals, in the early stages of pregnancy, a developing embryo exchanges substances with its mother via cells in the lining of the uterus. At this stage, there is a high concentration of glycogen in cells lining the uterus.
During early pregnancy, the glycogen in the cells lining the uterus is an important energy source for the embryo.
Suggest how glycogen acts as a source of energy. Do not include transport across membranes in your answer. (2 marks)
- Hydrolysed (to glucose);
Ignore ‘Broken down’ - Glucose used in respiration;
*’Energy produced’ disqualifies mp2**
Name the monomers from which a maltose molecule is made (1 mark)
Glucose (and glucose)
Name the type of chemical bond that joins the two monomers to form maltose (1 mark)
(α1,4) Glycosidic
Explain one way in which starch molecules are adapted to their function in plant cells (2 marks)
- Insoluble;
- Don’t affect water potential;
OR - Helical;
Accept form spirals - Compact;
OR - Large molecule;
- Cannot leave cell.
Explain how cellulose molecules are adapted to their function in plant cells (3 marks)
- Long and straight chains;
- Become linked together by many hydrogen bonds to form fibrils;
- Provide strength (to cell wall).
Glycogen and cellulose are both carbohydrates.
Describe two differences between the structure of a cellulose molecule and a glycogen molecule. (2 marks)
- Cellulose is made up of β-glucose (monomers) and glycogen is made up of α-glucose (monomers)
- Cellulose molecule has straight chain and glycogen is branched
- Cellulose molecule has straight chain and glycogen is coiled
- Glycogen has 1,4- and 1,6- glycosidic bonds and cellulose has only 1,4- glycosidic bonds
*ignore ref. to H bonds/microfibrils
Starch is a carbohydrate often stored in plant cells.
Describe and explain two features of starch that make it a good storage molecule.
[2 marks]
Any two from:
1. Insoluble (in water), so doesn’t affect water potential
2. Branched/coiled/ (α-)helix, so makes molecule compact
OR
2. Branched/coiled/ (α-)helix, so can fit many (molecules) in small area
3. Polymer of (α-)glucose so provides glucose for respiration
4. Branched / more ends for fast breakdown / enzyme action
5. Large (molecule), so can’t cross cell membrane
polysaccharides such as glycogen amylopectin and amylose are formed by polymerisation of glucose
With reference to fig 2.1
i) describe how the structure of glycogen differs from the structure of amylose (2 marks)
ii) describe the advantages for organisms in storing polysaccharides, such as glycogen, rather than storing glucose (3 marks)
i) assume answer is about glycogen
Branched;
1-6, glycosidic, links/bonds;
Not, coiled / helical;
ii) compact so large quantity can be stored
insoluble so no osmotic effect;
glucose would lower water potential; A decrease, more negative (so) water would enter and cell volume would increase;
(So) plant cells would need thicker cell walls / animal cells might burst; glucose reactive molecule
Describe how the structure of glycogen is related to its function (4 marks)
- Helix/coiled/branched so compact;
- Polymer of glucose so easily hydrolysed;
- Branched so more ends for faster hydrolysis;
- Glucose (polymer) so provides respiratory substrate for energy (release);
- Insoluble so not (easily) lost (from cell)
OR
Insoluble so does not affect water potential/osmosis
1. Accept description of ‘compact’, eg many glucoses packed closely/densely/tightly
Compare and contrast the structure of starch and the structure of cellulose (6 marks)
Both polysaccharides
OR
Both are glucose polymers
OR
Both are made of glucose monomers;
2. Both contain glycosidic bonds (between monomers);
3. Both contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen/C, H and O;
4. Starch has α-glucose and cellulose has β- glucose;
5. Starch (molecule) is helical/coiled and cellulose (molecule) is straight;
6. Starch (molecule) is branched and cellulose is not/unbranched;
7.Cellulose has (micro/macro) fibrils and starch does not;
must include 1,2 OR 3 to achieve 6 marks
All statements must be clearly comparative or linked by the candidate, not inferred from separate statements
Additional mark point
8. Starch has 1-6 glycosidic bonds and cellulose does not
OR
Starch contains two types of molechle and cellulose contains one type of molecule
OR
Starch is amylose and amylopectin and cellulose is one type of molecule
Name the type of peptidase which will hydrolyse the bond labelled G in figure 5 (1 mark)
in the diagram, G is pointing to a bond between two amino acids
Endo(peptidase)
correct spelling
Figure 1 shows the structure of a fat substitute
This fat substitute cannot be digested in the gut by lipase. Suggest why. (2 marks)
- (Fat substitute) is a different/wrong shape/not complementary;
OR
Bond between glycerol/fatty acid and propylene glycol different (to that between glycerol and fatty acid)/no ester bond; - Unable to fit/bind to (active site of) lipase/no ES complex formed
if wrong bond name given (e.g. peptide, glycosidic), then penalise once
This fat substitute is a lipid. Despite being a lipid, it cannot cross the cell-surface membranes of cells lining the gut.
Suggest why it cannot cross cell-surface membranes.
[1 mark]
It is hydrophilic/is polar/is too large/is too big;
*ignore ‘is not lipid soluble’