Biological Molecules Flashcards
What is a geometric isomers
Different spatial arrangements around a double covalent bond
what is a enantiomer isomer
A mirror image isomer
What is a polymer. How is it linked
Long chains of monomers condensation reactions
What is a macromolecule
Large polymers linked together
What are some examples of macromolecules
Polysaccharides proteins and DNA
What are some examples of monosaccharides
Glucose fructose ribose
What is it Isomer
Chemically identical but Structurally different
What happens when there’s a condensation reaction
A hydroxyl group and a hydrogen bond together to make water
What happens in hydrolysis
The hydroxyl group and the hydrogen come apart to bind to monomers
What are some examples of monosaccharides
Glucose fructose ribose
What are two disaccharides
Maltose sucrose
What is the chemical formula for glucose
C6H12O6
What shapes are disaccharides sugar
Hexagon all shapes
What are some examples of storage polysaccharides
Starch in plants
glycogen in animals
What are some structural polysaccharides
Cellulose cell walls of plants
chitin Cell walls a fungi exoskeletons of anthropods
What is a triacylglycerol
The main storage in fat
What are the chemical components to fat
glycerol and three fatty acid’s
What makes a fat saturated
Is saturated with hydrogens
What makes a fat unsaturated
Carbons have double bonds with each other so there aren’t many hydrogens and they kink
What are the chemical components of phospholipids
glycerol two fatty acid’s and a phosphate group
What are steroids
Carbon Atoms arranged in four rings
What are some examples of steroids
Cholesterol bile salts and some hormones
What main things do lipids do
Store energy are the main structural components of cell membranes
What are the monomers of proteins
Amino acids
What bonds carboxyl groups and amino groups in proteins
Peptide bonds
What are the chemical components of proteins
Carboxyl group
amino group
r group
Peptide bonds are also
Covalent bonds
What is primary structure of a protein
A linear sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain
What shapes two things are usually associated with the secondary structure
Alpha helix and beta pleated sheet
What is secondary structure
Regular confirmation hydrogen bonds between amino acids (begin folding)
What is tertiary structure
The overall shape (3D) of a polypeptide chain chemical interactions of sidechains
What causes 3-D shapes in protein structures
It’s the hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions between r groups
What is quaternary structure
Two or more polypeptide chains
What chemicals make up nucleotides
A nitrogenous base
five carbon sugar
one or more phosphate groups
What are nucleic acid’s
Long chains of nucleotides
What are the functions of nucleic acid
To sequence amino acids and proteins
to store and transfer information within the organism
What are some examples of nucleotides
ATP(Energy metabolism)
NAD+ (electron except are in biological oxidation)
What happens when there’s a condensation reaction
A hydroxyl group and a hydrogen bond together to make water
What happens in hydrolysis
The hydroxyl group and the hydrogen come apart to bind to monomers
What are some examples of monosaccharides
Glucose fructose ribose
What are two disaccharides
Maltose sucrose
What is the chemical formula for glucose
C6H12O6
What shapes are disaccharides sugar
Hexagon all shapes
What are some examples of storage polysaccharides
Starch in plants
glycogen in animals
What are some structural polysaccharides
Cellulose cell walls of plants
chitin Cell walls a fungi exoskeletons of anthropods
What is a triacylglycerol
The main storage in fat
What are the chemical components to fat
glycerol and three fatty acid’s
What makes a fat saturated
Is saturated with hydrogens
What makes a fat unsaturated
Carbons have double bonds with each other so there aren’t many hydrogens and they kink
What are the chemical components of phospholipids
glycerol two fatty acid’s and a phosphate group
What are the main functions of phospholipids
The cell membrane component
What are some examples of steroids
Cholesterol bile salts and some hormones
What main things do lipids do
Store energy are the main structural components of cell membranes
What are the monomers of proteins
Amino acids
What bonds carboxyl groups and amino groups in proteins
Peptide bonds
What are the chemical components of proteins
Carboxyl group
amino group
r group
Peptide bonds are also
Covalent bonds
What is primary structure of a protein
A linear sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain
What shapes two things are usually associated with the secondary structure
Alpha helix and beta pleated sheet
What is secondary structure
Regular confirmation hydrogen bonds between amino acids (begin folding)
What is tertiary structure
The overall shape (3D) of a polypeptide chain chemical interactions of sidechains
What causes 3-D shapes in protein structures
It’s the hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions between r groups
What is quaternary structure
Two or more polypeptide chains
What chemicals make up nucleotides
A nitrogenous base
five carbon sugar
one or more phosphate groups
What are nucleic acid’s
Long chains of nucleotides
What are the functions of nucleic acid
To sequence amino acids and proteins
to store and transfer information within the organism
What are some examples of nucleotides
ATP(Energy metabolism)
NAD+ (electron except are in biological oxidation)