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Biological molecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

1.1 What is a covalent bond?

A
  • Atoms that share a pair of electrons in their outer shells.
  • As a result both atoms are filled (molecule).
  • A more stable compound is formed.
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2
Q

1.1 What is an ionic bond?

A
  • Ions with opposite charges attract one another.
  • Ionic bonds are weaker than covalent bonds.
  • Electrostatic attraction (ionic bond)
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3
Q

1.1 What is a polar molecule?

A

A molecule with an uneven distribution of charge (polarised).

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4
Q

1.1 What are polymers?

A
  • Long chains of monomer sub-units.
  • Polymerisation is how they are formed.
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5
Q

1.1 What are carbohydrates for?
(as a respiratory substrate)

A
  • Cells release the energy required to carry out their functions.
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6
Q

1.1 What structural forms do carbohydrates have?
(as a respiratory substrate)

A
  • Form part of glycoproteins and glycolipids.
  • Acts as a recognition sites in plasma membranes.
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7
Q

1.1 What are lipids?

A
  • A major component of plasma membranes.
  • Make up certain hormones.
  • Respiratory substrates.
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8
Q

1.1 What are proteins?

A
  • Found in plasma membranes too.
  • Important role: Enzyme
  • Chemical messengers
  • Important component of the blood (eg. antibodies)
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9
Q

1.1 What are nucleic acids?

A
  • DNA carries genetic information + determines the structure of proteins.
  • RNA, important for the synthesis of these proteins.
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10
Q

1.1 What is water for?

A
  • Non-carbon based molecule.
  • Serves a range of roles in living organisms.
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11
Q

1.1 What is molecular biology?

A
  • All molecules biological or not are made up of units, atoms.
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12
Q

1.1 What are monomers?

A

Certain molecules.

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13
Q

1.1 What are condensation reactions?

A

Reactions that produce water.

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14
Q

1.1 What is hydrolysis?

A
  • Water molecules that break bonds that link sub-units of a polymer.
  • constituent parts as a result.
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15
Q

1.1 What is an example of a hydrolysis reaction?

A
  • Polypeptides (proteins) can be hydrolysed into amino acids.
  • Lipids can be hydrolysed into fatty acids and glycerol.
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16
Q

1.1 What are examples of condensation reactions?

A
  • The formation of a polypeptide from amino acids.
  • Formation of polynucleotides from nucleotides.
17
Q

1.1 What is a molar solution?

A
  • A solution that contains one molecule of solute in each litre of solution.
18
Q

1.1 What is a mole?

A
  • The molecular mass expressed as grams.
19
Q

1.2 What do carbohydrates consist of?

A
  • Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
20
Q

1.2 What is a monomer?

A

-Small repeating unit from which polymers are made

21
Q

1.2 What are the features of monosaccharides?

A
  • Sweet taste
  • Soluble
  • (CH2O)n (n is any number from 3 to 7)
22
Q

1.2 What are monosaccharides

A
  • any of the class of sugars (e.g. glucose) that cannot be hydrolysed to give a simpler sugar.
23
Q

1.2 What are three examples of monosaccharides?

A
  • glucose, galactose and fructose.
24
Q

1.2 What is an isomer?

A

each of two or more compounds with the same formula but a different arrangement of atoms in the molecule and different properties.

25
Q

1.2 Draw the isomers of glucose

A
  • Check alpha glucose has H on the top and OH on the bottom
  • Check beta glucose has H on the bottom and Oh on the top
26
Q

1.2 What are disaccharides?

A
  • Disaccharides are formed from the condensation reaction of two monosaccharides, this forms glycosidic bonds.
27
Q

1.2 What are three examples of disaccharides?

A
  • Maltose, sucrose, lactose
28
Q

1.2 What are the monomers of maltose, sucrose and lactose

A
  • Maltose: Two alpha glucose
  • Sucrose: Glucose + fructose
  • Lactose: Glucose + galactose
29
Q

1.2 What is the test for reducing sugars

A
  • Add 2cm^3 of the food sample to be tested to a test tube (make sure the sample is in its liquid form - if not grind it up in water)
  • Add an equal volume of Benedict’s reagent.
  • Heat the mixture in a gently boiling water bath for 5 minutes.
30
Q

1.2 What does Benedict’s reagent consist of?

A
  • It is an alkaline solution of copper (II)
31
Q

1.2 What happens when a reducing sugar is heated with Benedict’s reagent?

A
  • An insoluble red ppt of copper (I) is formed.
32
Q

1.3 What are polysaccharides?

A
  • They are polymers, formed by combining together many monosaccharide molecules.
33
Q

1.2 How are the monosaccharides joined to form polymers?

A
  • Monosaccharides are joined by glycosidic bonds that were formed by condensation reactions.
34
Q
A

Biology (16 decks)

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