Biological Molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

What are Monomers?

A

Individual molecules

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2
Q

What are Polymers

A

Long chain of repeating units (monomers)

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3
Q

Name the three Monosaccharides

A

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

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4
Q

How is Lactose made?

A

Glucose + Galactose

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5
Q

How is Sucrose made?

A

Glucose + Fructose

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6
Q

How is Maltose made?

A

Glucose + Glucose

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7
Q

What is the process that joins two molecules together and describe it

A

Condensation Reaction: Joins two or more molecules together by eliminating a molecule of water

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8
Q

What is the process that breaks the chemical bond between molecules and describe it

A

Hydrolysis Reaction: Breaks the glycosidic bond between molecule using a molecule of water

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9
Q

What is the bond between Monosaccharides?

A

1,4 Glycosidic Bond

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10
Q

What is the bond between branched chains?

A

1,6 Glycosidic Bond

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11
Q

What is the name when 3-10 monosaccharides are joined together?

A

Oligosaccharide

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12
Q

State the properties of Starch

A
  • Mix of Amylose & Amylopectin
  • Main energy store in plants
  • Broken down to glucose when energy is needed
  • Insoluble therefore does not affect water potential
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13
Q

State the properties of Amylose

A
  • Long UNBRANCHED chain of alpha glucose
  • 1,4 Glycosidic bonds means coiled structure
  • Compact = great storage
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14
Q

State the properties for Amylopectin

A
  • Long BRANCHED chain of alpha glucose
  • 1,4 & 1,6 Glycosidic Bonds
  • Side branch = Enzyme break amylopectin to get glycosidic.
  • Glucose released quickly
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15
Q

Describe the test for Starch

A

1) Add iodine to test tube
2) Iodine dissolved in Potassium iodide added solution

If present, Orange —> Blue

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16
Q

State the properties of Glycogen

A
  • Animals store excess glucose (Polysaccharide of alpha glucose)
  • Similar structure to Amylopectin (many side branches)
  • Compact
17
Q

State the properties of Cellulose

A
  • Major components of cell wall inside plants
  • Made of long unbranched beta glucose
  • Straight chain
  • Create strong fibres called micofibrils
18
Q

What are Lipids made up from?

A

Glycerol and Fatty Acids

19
Q

Describe the structure of Triglyceride

A

Glycerol & 3 Fatty Acids

20
Q

Describe the structure of Phospholipids

A

One phosphate group, Glycerol and 2 Fatty Acids

Head is hydrophilic (attract water)

Tail is hydrophobic
(repels water)

21
Q

What is the test for Lipids?

A

Emulsion Test
1) Add ethanol
2) Shake until dissolved
3) If it goes milky = present

22
Q

What are the properties of Water?

A
  • Metabolite
  • High latent heat vaporisation
  • Temperature Buffer
  • Solvent
  • Cohesive
23
Q

Draw the structure of water bonding

A

Check google

24
Q

What are proteins made up from?

A

Amino acids

25
Q

What is the bond when 2 amino acids are joined together?

A

Dipeptide Bond

26
Q

Describe Primary Structure

A

Sequence of Amino Acids

27
Q

Describe Secondary Structure

A

Linked amino acids to polypeptide chain. Beta-pleated sheets and double helix

28
Q

Describe Tertiary Structure

A

Further twisted and folded to give complex 3D structure. Held together by Disulfide, Ionic and Hydrogen bonds

29
Q

Describe Quaternary Structure

A

Multiple Polypeptide chains and with a prosthetic group

30
Q

Describe test for Proteins

A

Biuret Test
1) Add sample to tube
2) Equal amount NaOH
3) Add Copper (II) sulphate and mix gently
4) Protein present = blue to purple