Biological Molecules Flashcards
A monosaccharide is a ____ sugar? name 3 examples
Simple. Glucose, fructose and galactose
When two monosaccharides are joined, they form? Give 3 examples.
Disaccharides. Maltose, sucrose and lactose
Complex sugars are called? include 3 examples.
Polysaccharides. Starch, glycogen and cellulose
Name two monosaccharides that are common in the body
Pentose (5C) and Hexose (6C) sugars
State the main function of carbohydrates in the diet.
To provide glucose used to produce cellular energy (ATP)
Define the term hydrolysis
A chemical change which a large molecule is broken down into smaller molecules by reaction with water
Name the enzymes for sucrose, maltose and lactose
Sucrase, maltase and lactase
What do enzymes do?
Break down complex sugars into simple sugars for absorption into the bloodstream
What does polymer mean?
Many units
Proteins are polymers, what is the repeating unit of a protein called?
Amino Acids
A peptide is _____ than 50 amino acids joined in a chain
Less
What is the name of more than 50 amino acids joined in a chain?
A protein
The ________ and ______ of amino acids determine a protein’s structure.
Arrangement, number
There are 3 structures of a protein, name them and briefly describe the difference between each
Primary - the order of AA in the protein chain. Secondary - arrangement/shape of the chain. Tertiary - completed 3D shape, a biologically active protein.
Name and describe the function of at least 2 proteins found in the body including enzymes.
Collagen - provides strength, Haemoglobin - transports oxygen
Enzymes - break down substances. eg. maltase breaks down maltose.
Triglycerides, phospholipids and steroids are all?
Lipids
True/False, most lipids are soluble in water?
False, most are not soluble in water - are hydrophobic
What are triglycerides?
Fats and oils
What is the structure of triglycerides?
“backbone” of Glycerol with 3 fatty acid molecules attached
What are the functions of tryglycerides?
Protection from knocks and bumps
Energy source + storage
Insulation from the cold
Describe the differences between fats and oils
Fats - tend to be animal in origin, solid at room temperature & more saturated fatty acids.
Oils - tend to be plant/vegetable origin, liquid at room temperature & more unsaturated fatty acids
What is the function of phospholipids?
Production of cell membranes.
Describe the simplified structure of a phospholipid
Polar head, lipid tails, polar head - creating phospholipid bilayer of cell membrane
Cholesterol is?
A steroid in the body
Name some examples of steroids in the body
Bile salts, vitamin D, steroid hormones - testosterone, oestrogen, aldosterone, progesterone.
In the intestine, triglyceride molecules are digested by hydrolysis using an enzyme called ____ into _____ and ____ ____ ____
Lipase, two fatty acids
______ break proteins into _____ which are then broken down into ____ ____ by enzymes called ________.
Proteases, peptides, amino acids, peptidases.
Starch is broken down by the enzyme ______ to maltose.
Amylase
Sucrose is broken down by _____ which leaves _____ + ______
Sucrase. glucose + fructose
Lactose is broken down by _____ which leaves _____ + ______
Lactase, glucose + galactose
Maltose is broken down by _____ which leaves _____ + ______
Maltase, glucose + glucose
