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PYSCH Psychopathology > Biological Approach With OCD > Flashcards

Biological Approach With OCD Flashcards

1
Q

What does the biological approach to OCD suggest

A

It suggests that unusual physiological processes may play a role in its development

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2
Q

What are 2 possible explanations for OCD

A

Genetic transmission and neural damage

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3
Q

What did Aubrey Lewis study

A

Genetic susceptibility and ocd

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4
Q

Who studied the genetic susceptibility of ocd

A

Aubrey Lewis

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5
Q

What did Aubrey Lewis’ study indicate

A

That genetic factors may heighten a person’s susceptibility to OCD

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6
Q

What is evidence for Aubrey Lewis’ study

A

A considerable number of ocd patients have affected family members

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7
Q

What is a misconception about genetic susceptibility

A

That it is the genetic vulnerability that is passed down not the disorder itself

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8
Q

What model suggests that specific genes increase the risk of OCD development

A

The diathesis-stress model

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9
Q

What does the diathesis-stress model suggest

A

that specific genes increase the risk of OCD development

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10
Q

What are crucial triggers for the disorder

A

Environmental triggers

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11
Q

What are candidate genes

A

A certain gene that has been identified by researchers to increase the likelihood of developing ocd

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12
Q

What are candidate genes associated with regulating

A

The serotonin system

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13
Q

what is the main gene in the serotonin system that facilitates serotonin movement across synapses

A

5HT1-D beta gene

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14
Q

What does the 5HT1-D beta gene do

A

facilitates serotonin movement across synapses

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15
Q

What is ocd in terms of genes

A

It is polygenic

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16
Q

What does polygenic mean

A

A characteristic that is determined by 2 or more genes

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17
Q

How is OCD a condition called polygenicity

A

OCD is not attributed to a single gene, but rather a combination of genetic variations that lead to increased vulnerability

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18
Q

Who studied ocd being poly genetic

A

Steven Taylor

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19
Q

What did Steven Taylor find in his studies

A

He did analysis’ of previous researches and suggested that OCD may involve up to 230 different genes

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20
Q

What did Steven Taylor find that these many genes are associated with

A

The regulations of dopamine and serotonin

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21
Q

What are serotonin and dopamine

A

They are neurotransmitters that play a role in mood regulation

22
Q

What is a strength of the role of genetics in ocd

A

Twin studies show a higher concordance rates of ocd among identical twins which provides evidence for genetic influence. Family studies also revealed that individuals that have family members that are diagnosed with ocd are at a higher risk of developing ocd. There is a good amount of support

23
Q

What is a limitation of the genetic role of ocd

A

There is an environmental risk factor for ocd as OCD is not solely caused by genetic factors, and environmental triggers can either initiate or exacerbate symptoms. A research done by Kira Cromer showed that over 50% of ocd patients have bee exposed to traumatic events in the past and they have more severe traumatic ocd symptoms which shows that genetic vulnerability isn’t enough to explain ocd

24
Q

What is the neural explanation for ocd

A

The role of serotonin and neurotransmitters to explain ocd

25
Q

What is the main neurotransmitter that plays a key role in explaining ocd

A

Serotonin

26
Q

What is serotonin

A

a neurotransmitter that helps regulate mood

27
Q

Why does serotonin play such a key role in explaining ocd

A

The normal transmission of mood-relevant information is disrupted when serotonin levels are low, leading to negative mood states and impairing other cognitive processes

28
Q

What parts of the brain are associated with impaired decision making

A

Frontal lobes and parahippocampal gyru

29
Q

What do the left parahippocampal gyru process

A

They are a brain region that processes negative emotions

30
Q

How does the left parahippocampal gyru link to impaired decision making

A

It may be linked to impaired decision-making, particularly in hoarding disorder

31
Q

What are the frontal lobes responsible for

A

logical thinking and decision-making

32
Q

How does the left parahippocampal gyrus link to ocd

A

It appears to function abnormally and the processing of unpleasant emotions may impair decision making

33
Q

What is a strength of neural model

A

The effectiveness of antidepressants that exclusively target serotonin in reducing OCD symptoms is one such piece of evidence. Furthermore, OCD symptoms are often present in disorders with a biological basis, such as Parkinson’s disease. This suggests that the biological mechanisms involved in certain conditions may also contribute to OCD. Therefore, it is possible that serotonin and the underlying processes of specific disorders are contributing factors to OCD.

34
Q

What is a limitation the neural model

A

The neural model’s applicability to OCD is constrained by the potential non-specificity of the relationship between serotonin and OCD. A substantial proportion of individuals with OCD also suffer from clinical depression, a comorbidity that may not be linked to serotonin function.As a result, using serotonin as a foundation for OCD may present a logical issue, since its functioning could be disturbed in numerous people with OCD owing to depression. This suggests that serotonin may not play a significant role in the manifestation of OCD symptoms.

35
Q

What is the main type of treatment for ocd

A

Pharmacological treatments by targeting abnormal neurotransmitter levels, such as dopamine, serotonin, and glutamate

36
Q

Why is pharmacotherapy often regarded as an effective treatment option

A

Because of the significance of biological explanations for these disorders

37
Q

What is the primary drug used to treat ocd

A

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

38
Q

How do SSRIs work to treat ocd symptoms

A

increase the levels of serotonin in the brain’s synapses, which helps to balance any imbalances in the serotonin system that may contribute to OCD

39
Q

How does SSRIs work

A

SSRIs works by blocking the reabsorption and breakdown of serotonin by the presynaptic neuron, promoting the continued stimulation of the postsynaptic neuron

40
Q

What does the optimal dosage and administration of SSRIs depend on

A

It depends on the specific medication such as if there is fluoxetine in Prozac and so its standard dose is different and is adjusted based on the patients response

41
Q

How long does it take for SSRIs to have a significant effect on OCD symptoms

A

Several months of daily use

42
Q

What can SSRIs be combined with for treating ocd

A

CBT

43
Q

How can SSRIs and CBT work together to treat ocd

A

SSRIs can reduce emotional symptoms like anxiety and depression, making it easier for individuals to fully engage with CBT. While some people may find CBT alone sufficient, others may benefit more from a combination of CBT and medication

44
Q

What are some alternatives for treating ocd

A

Increasing dosage, combining with other medications or using other medications

45
Q

Why may the treatments be changed

A

Patients may not respond tho the treatments

46
Q

What is a type of antidepressant which is used as an alternative to SSRIs

A

Tricyclic antidepressants such as clomipramine

47
Q

What is cloipramine

A

it has a similar effect on the serotonin system as SSRIs however it has more serious side effects and is typically reserved for patients who do not respond to SSRIs

48
Q

What is the newer class of anitdepressants that is used as an alternative treatment for ocd

A

SNRIs

49
Q

How do SNRIs work

A

increase levels of both serotonin and noradrenaline, have also been used as a second-line treatment for OCD when SSRIs and tricyclics are ineffective in relieving symptoms

50
Q

What are the 3 strengths of drug treatments for ocd

A

.strong effective evidence, SSRIs significantly reduce symptom severity and improve quality of life for around 70% of people with OCD, show sits a helpful treatment

.cost effective as the manufacturing of thousands of medications can be done in the time it takes to conduct one therapy session

.non disruptive treatment and don’t take much time no effort

51
Q

What are the limitations of drug treatment for ocd

A

.Skapinakis found evidence that both cognitive and behavioural therapies esp exposure therapies work more effectively than SSRIs. implies that drug may not always be the best choice
.drugs have serious side effects such as indigestion, blurred vision and more

PYSCH Psychopathology (7 decks)

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