Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biological Sciences 1 > BIOL133Z Plants > Flashcards

BIOL133Z Plants Flashcards

1
Q

What does a Root systems shape depend on a balance between?

A

A balance between elongation and branching.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the features of Fibrous roots?

A

adventitious roots branching from the radicle and stem. No main root.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the features of lateral roots?

A

branching from the main primary (tap) root.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are rhizomes?

A

Rhizomes are modified stems growing horizontally in the soil. They are probably the ancestors of roots.

(In some rhizomatous plants, shoots and roots grow from the rhizome, which can be used as a propagation system)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the primary cell wall made of?

A

cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the secondary cell wall made of and when is it formed?

A

The secondary cell wall is formed after cell growth in specialised tissues. It contains cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin and lignin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the function of lignin?

A

The lignin gives the cell wall a higher strength and rigidity than the primary wall and provides hydrophobicity (waterproof).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the types of ground tissue?

A

Sclerenchyma
Collenchyma
Parenchyma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the types of vascular tissue?

A

Xylem
Phloem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the types of dermal tissue?

A

Epidermis
Periderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the radicle?

A

embryonic root of the plant, which develops into the future root of the plant. It is the first part of the embryo to develop into the root system of plants.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What makes up the Cortex?

A

parenchyma cells + endodermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What makes up the stele?

A

pericycle + phloem + xylem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the main roles of:
A- Epidermis
B- Cortex
C- Stele

A

A- absorption
B-bulk of the root
C-transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the casparian strip?

A

The Casparian strip in plant roots is a diffusion barrier that directs water and solutes from the soil to the water-conducting tissues.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where do roots grow from?

A

THE TIP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the role of root hairs?

A

Increase contact surface to the soil to maximize absorption
(short life- only live on the ‘young’ parts)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What occurs during Symbiosis with mycorrhizae?

A

Mycorrhizae (plant symbiotic fungi) facilitate access to nutrients in exchange for carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where do Ectomycorrhizal fungi live in plants?

A

outside the root cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where do Endomycorrhizal fungi live in plants?

A

develop within the root cortex cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are rhizobia and what symbiosis occurs with plants?

A

group of soil bacteria that infect the roots of legumes to form root nodules, Plants get fixed nitrogen while the rhizobia get carbohydrates and a sheltered environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What do plasmodesmata do?

A

Plasmodesmata allow transport of macromolecules between adjacent cells. The desmotubule in the centre of the plasdesma connects the endoplasmic reticula.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where can the Apoplastic pathway be found?

A

through extracellular space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Where can the Symplastic pathway be found?

A

through cells, using plasmodesmata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Where can the Transcellular pathway be found?

A

through cells, using transporters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

When is diffusion required?

A

down and electrochemical gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

When is active transport required?

A

Against an electrochemical gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are a special feature of haustroical roots?

A

A modified root of parasitic plants that penetrates into a host plant and functions to acquire necessary nutrients from the host plant they attached themselves to (Cuscta)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is a petiole?

A

The stalk that joins the leaf to the stem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the tip of them stem made of?

A

terminal bud, that contains apical meristem (specalised zone of growth)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is chlorenchyma, and what is it made of?

A

Collenchyma is a supportive tissue for growing stems and leaves.
Made up of photosyntheic parenchyma, contains chloroplasts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the spongy mesophyll?

A

A complex, porous tissue found in plant leaves that enables carbon capture and provides mechanical stability.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the spongy mesophyll made of?

A

irregular chlorenchyma cells, contains large intercellular spaces and makes up the bulk of the leaf

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are vascular bundles called in leaves?

A

veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is schlerncyma tissue?

A

Sclerenchyma tissue, when mature, is composed of dead cells that have heavily thickened walls containing lignin and a high cellulose content (60%–80%), and serves the function of providing structural support in plants. Sclerenchyma cells possess two types of cell walls: primary and secondary walls.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is secondary growth?

A

Radial growth (thickening) of stems and roots is called secondary growth (not in monocots)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Where are new cells produced in plants?

A

Vascular cambium and cork cambium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are the classifcations of vascular plants?

A

Lycophytes, angiosperms, gymnosperms, pteridophytes,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are stomata and what is their purpose?

A

Stomata are tiny holes in the epidermis of leaves.
Evaporation occurs as a gaseous state through stomata also gaseous exchange as well (oxygen and carbon dioxide)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What happens in the xylem?

A

Water and mineral nutrients are transported from the roots to the shoot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What happens in the phloem?

A

Sugars are taken from leaves to non-photosynthetic tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What are the 2 types of xylem transport cells?

A

tracheids and tracheary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

In gymnosperm trees, what percentage can tracheids account for?

A

90% of softwood

44
Q

What are the 2 types of phloem conducting cells?

A

sieve cells and sieve tube members (only in angiosperms)

45
Q

How do sieve cells look visually?

A

stacked and have a sieve plate on each extremity

46
Q

What decreases with solute concentration?

A

Osmotic potential

47
Q

What causes pressure potential in plant cell?

A

often caused by the cell wall

48
Q

In what way does water potential move?

A

areas of high potential to areas of low potential

49
Q

What is osmosis?

A

diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

50
Q

What often causes osmosis?

A

differences in solute concentration between the two sides of the membrane

51
Q

What is turgor pressure?

A

the hydrostatic pressure in excess of ambient atmospheric pressure which can build up in living, walled cells

52
Q

How much water do maize plants lose each day?

A

two litres of water per day in the form of water vapour

53
Q

What are stoma?

A

a pore in the epidermis surrounded by two guard cells

54
Q

What make stomata close?

A

environmental conditions
(temperature, water availability, wind, humidity)

55
Q

What is the process of water uptake through the roots?

A

roots (root hairs) → Cortex→Xylem

56
Q

What are aquaporins?

A

are protein channels forming pores inside the plasma membrane through which water can flow

57
Q

What is an Apoplast?

A

extracellular space within tissue

58
Q

What drives water movement in the xylem?

A

Transpiration from the leaves

59
Q

In the xylem how is tension maintained?

A

water molecules form a narrow column unbroken by transpiration-driven tension

60
Q

What aids tension in the xylem?

A

Cohesion provided by hydrogen bonds between H2O molecules and Adhesion to the cell wall

61
Q

What is caviation?

A

breakage of the water column in the xylem (bubbles)

62
Q

What drives root pressure?

A

Higher concentration of ions in the root xylem than in the soil solution (osmotic push from the roots)

63
Q

What is guttation?

A

water seeping out from the leaves (due to root pressure)

64
Q

What drives phloem conduction?

A

differences in sugar concentration between source and sink

65
Q

What do secondary messengers do in plant signalling?

A

cause amplifications of signals

66
Q

What is the notation for cytosolic free calcium?

A

△[Ca2+]cyt

67
Q

What environmental influences induce △[Ca2+]cyt?

A

Cold, light, salt, drought or
Interactions with ROS, ABA, CO2

68
Q

What happens to calcium once stimulated?

A

mobilised from extracellular and intracellular stores

69
Q

What are guard cells?

A

pairs of epidermal cells that control gas diffusion by regulating the opening and closure of stomatal pores

70
Q

What does CDPK stand for?

A

Calcium dependent protein kinases

71
Q

What do Calcium dependent protein kinases do?

A

calcium binding proteins which “decode” an increase in calcium concentration and pass that signal on by phosphorylating a target protein

72
Q

What are some examples of Reactive Oxygen Species?

A

superoxide radical, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, singlet oxygen

73
Q

Why are ROS produced?

A

ROS are produced during photosynthesis, so plants minimise photooxidative damage

74
Q

How do ROS cause disulfide bridge formation?

A

cause the oxidation of cysteine residues

75
Q

What are phytohormones?

A

chemicals produced by plants that regulate their growth, development, reproductive processes, longevity, and even death

76
Q

What is protein proteolysis?

A

involves the breakdown of proteins into smaller polypeptides or amino acids through the hydrolysis of peptide bonds by a protease

77
Q

What is phototropism?

A

growth in response to light

78
Q

What is gravitropism?

A

growth in response to gravitational pull

79
Q

What does auxin regulate?

A

plant growth

80
Q

What is Apical dominance?

A

the main, central stem of the plant is dominant over other side stems

81
Q

What can auxin control?

A

-Lateral organ initiation at the shoot apical meristem
-Promote branching in the root
-Maintain stem cell fate at the root apical meristem
-Patterning and vascular development

82
Q

What are pin proteins?

A

membrane proteins that transport the anionic form of the phytohormone auxin across membranes

83
Q

Where are pin proteins located?

A

only on one side of the plant cell

84
Q

What do Cytokinins do?

A

Act antagonistcally to auxin

85
Q

What is an totipotent cell?

A

An isolated cell that is able to produce a fertile adult individual

86
Q

What are the 4 main phytohormes used in plant tissue culture?

A

Cytokinin
Auxin (NAA)
Gibberellins
Abscisic Acid

87
Q

What do Strigolactones do?

A

enable root-parasitic plants and symbiotic fungi to detect their host plants

88
Q

What is plant immunity?

A

Plants have an innate immune system, which combines local responses with systemic signalling to the rest of the plant

89
Q

What is the gene for gene hypothesis?

A

for each gene controlling resistance in the host, there is a corresponding, specific gene controlling avirulence in the pathogen

90
Q

What are PAMPS?

A

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns, are small molecular motifs conserved within a class of microbes, but not present in the hosT

91
Q

What is contained in the carpel?

A

ovary + style + stigma

92
Q

What is contained in the ovule?

A

integuments + nucellus + megasporocyte

93
Q

How are spores formed?

A

Meiotic division of the megasporocyte (female) and microsporocyte (male)

94
Q

What is the suspensor?

A

“umbilical cord” between the embryo and the mother plant

95
Q

What is the Cotyledon?

A

leaf-like structure of the embryo

96
Q

What is the Hypocotyl?

A

embryonic stem linking cotyledons and radicle

97
Q

What is the testa?

A

seed coat

98
Q

What is the Epicotyle?

A

issue that will develop into the shoot

99
Q

How are lipids stored?

A

triacylglycerol in
oil bodies

100
Q

What happens during the glassy state in seeds?

A

molecular diffusion and chemical/enzymatic reactions are nearly stopped, and desiccation tolerance .

101
Q

What are spermatophytes?

A

seed plants

102
Q

What is Vernalization?

A

the artificial exposure of plants (or seeds) to low temperatures in order to stimulate flowering or to enhance seed production

103
Q

What is a model organism for genetic studies?

A

Arabidopsis

104
Q

What is the Arabidopsis genome size?

A

25000 genes
125 Mb

105
Q

What does the Eukaryotic circadian clocks allow organisms to anticipate?

A

changes in the photoperiod and measure day length

Biological Sciences 1 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions