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Biological Sciences 1 > BIOL133Z Plants > Flashcards

BIOL133Z Plants Flashcards

1
Q

What does a Root systems shape depend on a balance between?

A

A balance between elongation and branching.

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2
Q

What are the features of Fibrous roots?

A

adventitious roots branching from the radicle and stem. No main root.

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3
Q

What are the features of lateral roots?

A

branching from the main primary (tap) root.

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4
Q

What are rhizomes?

A

Rhizomes are modified stems growing horizontally in the soil. They are probably the ancestors of roots.

(In some rhizomatous plants, shoots and roots grow from the rhizome, which can be used as a propagation system)

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5
Q

What is the primary cell wall made of?

A

cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin.

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6
Q

What is the secondary cell wall made of and when is it formed?

A

The secondary cell wall is formed after cell growth in specialised tissues. It contains cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin and lignin.

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7
Q

What is the function of lignin?

A

The lignin gives the cell wall a higher strength and rigidity than the primary wall and provides hydrophobicity (waterproof).

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8
Q

What are the types of ground tissue?

A

Sclerenchyma
Collenchyma
Parenchyma

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9
Q

What are the types of vascular tissue?

A

Xylem
Phloem

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10
Q

What are the types of dermal tissue?

A

Epidermis
Periderm

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11
Q

What is the radicle?

A

embryonic root of the plant, which develops into the future root of the plant. It is the first part of the embryo to develop into the root system of plants.

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12
Q

What makes up the Cortex?

A

parenchyma cells + endodermis

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13
Q

What makes up the stele?

A

pericycle + phloem + xylem

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14
Q

What are the main roles of:
A- Epidermis
B- Cortex
C- Stele

A

A- absorption
B-bulk of the root
C-transport

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15
Q

What is the casparian strip?

A

The Casparian strip in plant roots is a diffusion barrier that directs water and solutes from the soil to the water-conducting tissues.

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16
Q

Where do roots grow from?

A

THE TIP

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17
Q

What is the role of root hairs?

A

Increase contact surface to the soil to maximize absorption
(short life- only live on the ‘young’ parts)

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18
Q

What occurs during Symbiosis with mycorrhizae?

A

Mycorrhizae (plant symbiotic fungi) facilitate access to nutrients in exchange for carbohydrates

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19
Q

Where do Ectomycorrhizal fungi live in plants?

A

outside the root cells

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20
Q

Where do Endomycorrhizal fungi live in plants?

A

develop within the root cortex cells

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21
Q

What are rhizobia and what symbiosis occurs with plants?

A

group of soil bacteria that infect the roots of legumes to form root nodules, Plants get fixed nitrogen while the rhizobia get carbohydrates and a sheltered environment

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22
Q

What do plasmodesmata do?

A

Plasmodesmata allow transport of macromolecules between adjacent cells. The desmotubule in the centre of the plasdesma connects the endoplasmic reticula.

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23
Q

Where can the Apoplastic pathway be found?

A

through extracellular space

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24
Q

Where can the Symplastic pathway be found?

A

through cells, using plasmodesmata

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25
Where can the Transcellular pathway be found?
through cells, using transporters
26
When is diffusion required?
down and electrochemical gradient
27
When is active transport required?
Against an electrochemical gradient
28
What are a special feature of haustroical roots?
A modified root of parasitic plants that penetrates into a host plant and functions to acquire necessary nutrients from the host plant they attached themselves to (Cuscta)
29
What is a petiole?
The stalk that joins the leaf to the stem
30
What is the tip of them stem made of?
terminal bud, that contains apical meristem (specalised zone of growth)
31
What is chlorenchyma, and what is it made of?
Collenchyma is a supportive tissue for growing stems and leaves. Made up of photosyntheic parenchyma, contains chloroplasts.
32
What is the spongy mesophyll?
A complex, porous tissue found in plant leaves that enables carbon capture and provides mechanical stability.
33
What is the spongy mesophyll made of?
irregular chlorenchyma cells, contains large intercellular spaces and makes up the bulk of the leaf
34
What are vascular bundles called in leaves?
veins
35
What is schlerncyma tissue?
Sclerenchyma tissue, when mature, is composed of dead cells that have heavily thickened walls containing lignin and a high cellulose content (60%–80%), and serves the function of providing structural support in plants. Sclerenchyma cells possess two types of cell walls: primary and secondary walls.
36
What is secondary growth?
Radial growth (thickening) of stems and roots is called secondary growth (not in monocots)
37
Where are new cells produced in plants?
Vascular cambium and cork cambium
38
What are the classifcations of vascular plants?
Lycophytes, angiosperms, gymnosperms, pteridophytes,
39
What are stomata and what is their purpose?
Stomata are tiny holes in the epidermis of leaves. Evaporation occurs as a gaseous state through stomata also gaseous exchange as well (oxygen and carbon dioxide)
40
What happens in the xylem?
Water and mineral nutrients are transported from the roots to the shoot
41
What happens in the phloem?
Sugars are taken from leaves to non-photosynthetic tissues
42
What are the 2 types of xylem transport cells?
tracheids and tracheary
43
In gymnosperm trees, what percentage can tracheids account for?
90% of softwood
44
What are the 2 types of phloem conducting cells?
sieve cells and sieve tube members (only in angiosperms)
45
How do sieve cells look visually?
stacked and have a sieve plate on each extremity
46
What decreases with solute concentration?
Osmotic potential
47
What causes pressure potential in plant cell?
often caused by the cell wall
48
In what way does water potential move?
areas of high potential to areas of low potential
49
What is osmosis?
diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
50
What often causes osmosis?
differences in solute concentration between the two sides of the membrane
51
What is turgor pressure?
the hydrostatic pressure in excess of ambient atmospheric pressure which can build up in living, walled cells
52
How much water do maize plants lose each day?
two litres of water per day in the form of water vapour
53
What are stoma?
a pore in the epidermis surrounded by two guard cells
54
What make stomata close?
environmental conditions (temperature, water availability, wind, humidity)
55
What is the process of water uptake through the roots?
roots (root hairs) → Cortex→Xylem
56
What are aquaporins?
are protein channels forming pores inside the plasma membrane through which water can flow
57
What is an Apoplast?
extracellular space within tissue
58
What drives water movement in the xylem?
Transpiration from the leaves
59
In the xylem how is tension maintained?
water molecules form a narrow column unbroken by transpiration-driven tension
60
What aids tension in the xylem?
Cohesion provided by hydrogen bonds between H2O molecules and Adhesion to the cell wall
61
What is caviation?
breakage of the water column in the xylem (bubbles)
62
What drives root pressure?
Higher concentration of ions in the root xylem than in the soil solution (osmotic push from the roots)
63
What is guttation?
water seeping out from the leaves (due to root pressure)
64
What drives phloem conduction?
differences in sugar concentration between source and sink
65
What do secondary messengers do in plant signalling?
cause amplifications of signals
66
What is the notation for cytosolic free calcium?
△[Ca2+]cyt
67
What environmental influences induce △[Ca2+]cyt?
Cold, light, salt, drought or Interactions with ROS, ABA, CO2
68
What happens to calcium once stimulated?
mobilised from extracellular and intracellular stores
69
What are guard cells?
pairs of epidermal cells that control gas diffusion by regulating the opening and closure of stomatal pores
70
What does CDPK stand for?
Calcium dependent protein kinases
71
What do Calcium dependent protein kinases do?
calcium binding proteins which “decode” an increase in calcium concentration and pass that signal on by phosphorylating a target protein
72
What are some examples of Reactive Oxygen Species?
superoxide radical, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, singlet oxygen
73
Why are ROS produced?
ROS are produced during photosynthesis, so plants minimise photooxidative damage
74
How do ROS cause disulfide bridge formation?
cause the oxidation of cysteine residues
75
What are phytohormones?
chemicals produced by plants that regulate their growth, development, reproductive processes, longevity, and even death
76
What is protein proteolysis?
involves the breakdown of proteins into smaller polypeptides or amino acids through the hydrolysis of peptide bonds by a protease
77
What is phototropism?
growth in response to light
78
What is gravitropism?
growth in response to gravitational pull
79
What does auxin regulate?
plant growth
80
What is Apical dominance?
the main, central stem of the plant is dominant over other side stems
81
What can auxin control?
-Lateral organ initiation at the shoot apical meristem -Promote branching in the root -Maintain stem cell fate at the root apical meristem -Patterning and vascular development
82
What are pin proteins?
membrane proteins that transport the anionic form of the phytohormone auxin across membranes
83
Where are pin proteins located?
only on one side of the plant cell
84
What do Cytokinins do?
Act antagonistcally to auxin
85
What is an totipotent cell?
An isolated cell that is able to produce a fertile adult individual
86
What are the 4 main phytohormes used in plant tissue culture?
Cytokinin Auxin (NAA) Gibberellins Abscisic Acid
87
What do Strigolactones do?
enable root-parasitic plants and symbiotic fungi to detect their host plants
88
What is plant immunity?
Plants have an innate immune system, which combines local responses with systemic signalling to the rest of the plant
89
What is the gene for gene hypothesis?
for each gene controlling resistance in the host, there is a corresponding, specific gene controlling avirulence in the pathogen
90
What are PAMPS?
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns, are small molecular motifs conserved within a class of microbes, but not present in the hosT
91
What is contained in the carpel?
ovary + style + stigma
92
What is contained in the ovule?
integuments + nucellus + megasporocyte
93
How are spores formed?
Meiotic division of the megasporocyte (female) and microsporocyte (male)
94
What is the suspensor?
“umbilical cord” between the embryo and the mother plant
95
What is the Cotyledon?
leaf-like structure of the embryo
96
What is the Hypocotyl?
embryonic stem linking cotyledons and radicle
97
What is the testa?
seed coat
98
What is the Epicotyle?
issue that will develop into the shoot
99
How are lipids stored?
triacylglycerol in oil bodies
100
What happens during the glassy state in seeds?
molecular diffusion and chemical/enzymatic reactions are nearly stopped, and desiccation tolerance .
101
What are spermatophytes?
seed plants
102
What is Vernalization?
the artificial exposure of plants (or seeds) to low temperatures in order to stimulate flowering or to enhance seed production
103
What is a model organism for genetic studies?
Arabidopsis
104
What is the Arabidopsis genome size?
25000 genes 125 Mb
105
What does the Eukaryotic circadian clocks allow organisms to anticipate?
changes in the photoperiod and measure day length

Biological Sciences 1 (10 decks)

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