BIOL133Z Animal

Question 1

What is competive exclusion?

Answer 1

two species can’t coexist if they occupy exactly the same niche (competing for identical resources)

Question 2

What is resource partitoning?

Answer 2

the division of resources to avoid interspecific competition for limited resources in an ecosystem

Question 3

What does Boyles law state?

Answer 3

when the pressure increases, the volume decreases

Question 4

What does Ficks law state?

Answer 4

diffusion states that the rate at which a molecule moves through a material is proportional to the concentration gradient (the difference in concentrations)

Question 5

What does Hutchinsons niche state?

Answer 5

the needs of a species for it to maintain a positive population growth rate, disregarding biotic interactions

Question 6

What are fundamental and realised niche?

Answer 6

Fundamental- the entire set of conditions under which an animal can survive and reproduce itself.

Realised- set of conditions actually used by given animal after interactions with other species (predation and especially competition)

Question 7

1st law of thermodynamics?

Answer 7

Energy cannot be created or destroyed

Question 8

2nd law of thermodynamics

Answer 8

the state of entropy (disorder) of the entire universe, as an isolated system, will always increase over time.

Question 9

What are biomimetics?

Answer 9

Inspiration from ‘natures laws’

Question 10

What is convergent evoultion?

Answer 10

occurs when species occupy similar ecological niches and adapt in similar ways in response to similar selective pressures

Question 11

What is homeostasis?

Answer 11

a self-regulating process by which a living organism can maintain internal stability while adjusting to changing external conditions

Question 12

What does BMR stand for?

Answer 12

Basal metabolic rate (minimum to live)

Question 13

What does TNZ stand for?

Answer 13

Thermal neutral zone lower

Question 14

What is aerobic scope?

Answer 14

the difference between standard (SMR) and maximum (MMR) metabolic rates

Question 15

Major process of the gut?

Answer 15

Motility

Secretions

Digestion

Absorption

Excretion of waste

Question 16

What do the savilary glands produce for breakdown?

Answer 16

amylase

Question 17

What valve opens and closes during digestion in the small intestine?

Answer 17

pylorus

Question 18

What are the 4 chambers in a ruminant?

Answer 18

Rumen, rectilium, omasum, abomasum

Question 19

What are the 3 types of muscle?

Answer 19

Cardiac, smooth, skeletal

Question 20

What is an example of an antagonistic pair?

Answer 20

Flexor contracts →limb bends
e.g. bicep Triceprelaxes!
= decreases joint’s interior angle

Question 21

State what Flexor v Extensor does?

Answer 21

makes angle of two parts more acute versus more obtuse

Question 22

State what Abductor v Adductor does?

Answer 22

moves body part away from v toward a vertical midline

Question 23

State what Levitator v Depressor does?

Answer 23

moves a structure above v below a horizontal midline

Question 24

State what Supinator v Pronator does?

Answer 24

rotates part of the body inwards v outwards

Question 25

State what Rotator does?

Answer 25

rotates a ball and socket joint on its axis

Question 26

What fibres do mycrofibrils contain?

Answer 26

Actin and myosin

Question 27

What is a sacromere?

Answer 27

the basic contractile unit of a myocyte (muscle fibre)

Question 28

What does the sliding filament theory suggest?

Answer 28

states that the sliding of actin past myosin generates muscle tension

Question 29

What is actin covered in to prevent binding?

Answer 29

Tropomyosin

Question 30

What increases cross bridges in a cross section?

Answer 30

-Larger cross-section area) -A higher Actin/Myosin (A/M) ratio -A pennate arrangement of fibres

Question 31

What determines the speed at which muscle contracts?

Answer 31

the number of cross bridges rowing simultaneously

Question 32

What are the three types of skeletal muscle fibre?

Answer 32

-slow oxidative fibres(Red “Slow twitch”) - fast oxidative fibres (Intermediate) -fast glycolytic fibres (White, “Fast twitch”)

Question 33

How many twitches do oxidiative ATP from glycogen hold?

Answer 33

15-30

Question 34

What is white muscle used for?

Answer 34

Ambush predators & their prey, fast, but fatigue quickly

Question 35

What is red muscle used for?

Answer 35

Endurance, predators, slow and sustained force

Question 36

What 3 forces act on animals?

Answer 36

Inertia, Friction, Gravity

Question 37

What cancels out gravity?

Answer 37

static lift

Question 38

What is counter-current exchange?

Answer 38

system in which two fluids of different properties flow parallel and against each other in semipermeable tubes, which allow compensation for these differences

Question 39

Top energy saving techniques in water?

Answer 39

-Buoyancy -Fusiform shape -

Question 40

What is the equation for reynolds number?

Answer 40

(speed of propulsion x length)/viscosity

Question 41

Top energy saving techniques in air?

Answer 41

-minimise weight -wing anatomy

Question 42

What is an Isotonic contraction?

Answer 42

involves shortening of the muscle to cause movement about a joint (i.e. extensive actin/myosin sliding)

Question 43

What is an Isometric contraction?

Answer 43

involves resisting an external load without shortening of the muscle (i.e. virtually no actin/myosin sliding)

Question 44

How much energy to flapping birds consume?

Answer 44

consumes 7 x Basal Metabolic Rate

Question 45

How much energy to gliding birds consume?

Answer 45

consumes 2 x BMR.