bioethics

Question 1

what is the limb defects called for thamalidehide

Answer 1

phocomelia

Question 2

what are off label affects

Answer 2

secindary affects like thamalohide for morning sickeness instead of anti convlatnat

Question 3

what was LD50

Answer 3

dose required to kill 50% of test aninmals

Question 4

why was thalimomide given to pregant women

Answer 4

didnt know the affects because they didnt test on pregant animals

Question 5

what were the affects of taking thalimodide on wghat day

Answer 5

day 21 just eyes
day 22 -ears and face
day 24- damage to arms
up to day. 28 damage to legs
]from day 48 no affects

Question 6

why was america the least affected drug

Answer 6

frances oldham kelsey

Question 7

what is the golden bench mark of clincial trail

Answer 7

randomised, double blind and placebo controlled

Question 8

what is teh disadvantage of placebo

Answer 8

its a form of diception

Question 9

what is atonomy

Answer 9

people taht are competent and rational and able to give conesent or refuse

Question 10

what isteh ethical principle that justifys assigning patinets to differnet treatment arms of the clincial trail

Answer 10

clinical equipose

Question 11

who are sackler trust

Answer 11

family owns purdue phrama
this sells oxycontin and said it was non addictive

Question 12

what are cohntributing factors to the opiod drug crisis

Answer 12

doctor/phramacy shopping - relative ease to ontianing prescriptions for (fake) compainines and mainiataing multiple prescriptions

Question 13

how manty people die a day from opium crisis

Answer 13

100 ppl a day

Question 14

what caused sucidal thoughts in children

Answer 14

Seroxat - SSRI

Question 15

what flu drug was stock piled

Answer 15

tamiful, half a billion quid on 6 pages on manufacturer funded trails, the drug didn;t work

Question 16

what are the arguments for patents

Answer 16

• justice/ reward for inventor
• promotes useful consequencs
• new research
• if not permiotted useful information would become trade secrets
• other countries recognide patents

Question 17

what are the argumnents against patents

Answer 17

• materialism produces excessive burdens in medicie
• unhelpful consequences: inappropriate control
• impact on research participants
• animal research/ animal welfare
• not all countris permit similar patents

Question 18

what is consequentialism

Answer 18

bioethical theroy that be used to decide what the most ethical action is

Question 19

what is an exmaple of an unethical patent

Answer 19

big pharma patented affective HIV treatment at 10-15 k per year meaning taht lots of people in sub saharan Africa couldn’t afford the treatment
they were after accused of racism.

Question 20

what is teh legal arguent behind patenting genes

Answer 20

genes cant be patented but cDNA can

Question 21

what is an exmaple of patent genes

Answer 21

BRCA1 on chromosome 17, the gene testing has been patented so that a premium price can be charged

Question 22

when was pay to delay used

Answer 22

with GSK for Seroxat

Question 23

what is an example of drug prices being too high for the NHS

Answer 23

kadcyla - helps extened the patinets life span by over 6 months with incurbale breast cancer

Question 24

when was sterlisation first introduced in Nazi gemany

Answer 24

1933

Question 25

when was the marraige of disbled or ppl with certain diseases prohibited in Nazu genrman

Answer 25

1936- Nurnberg laws

Question 26

when was euthanisa for baabies introduced in Nazi germany

Answer 26

nill to mouth in 1939

Question 27

who was the most well known nazi doctor and what did he look at

Answer 27

joesph mengele - angle of death looked at racial diferneces and psuedo twin studies

Question 28

what was the first law to codify ethical reaserach

Answer 28

1947 --> nuremberg law

Question 29

what was inldued in nuremberg law

Answer 29

informed consent appropriate research deisgns favouarvable risk: beefit ratio participants must be able to stop at any time

Question 30

when were universal prinicples that guide research involing humans introduced and what was it called

Answer 30

decalration of helinski and in 1964

Question 31

whhat does the aniaml act state

Answer 31

replace, reduce and refine

Question 32

what came of the alder hay scandal

Answer 32

human tissue act (2004) - consent

Question 33

what do all trails have to have and go through

Answer 33

research ethical comitte approval medical and health care products regultory agency

Question 34

what is teh best ethical practise for research participant recruitemnt

Answer 34

fully informed consent

Question 35

what is scientific review

Answer 35

- independant peer review process - focus on clincial equipose - likely benefits of teh new treatment are greater than the proable side affects - likehood of success

Question 36

what is the REC review

Answer 36

ensures that the rights, saftey, dignity and well being of the patient for the voluantry particpants - ethical recruitment to the trail - confidenitailty and automytity of paritipants - approtpriate compensation is anything goes wrng

Question 37

what is teology

Answer 37

right is the good produced from the consequence of a action

Question 38

what is denotology

Answer 38

- an action is intrincscally right or wrong - do not consider outcomes

Question 39

what is principleism

Answer 39

- autonomy - justice - beneficience - non-malfeascance

Question 40

what is autonomy

Answer 40

- basis of informed consnet

Question 41

wha is justice

Answer 41

the right to be treated fairly and equally with no prejudice

Question 42

what is benefienace

Answer 42

the action to promote well being other others

Question 43

what is non malfeiance

Answer 43

the obligation to do no harm

Question 44

what does bioELSI stand foe

Answer 44

bio ethical legal and social issues

Question 45

what reviews equipose after each satge in drug design

Answer 45

saftery and ethical boards