Biodiversity 2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

Conservation definition

A

Conservation is the name given to the preservation and careful maangement of the environment and of natural resources - conserving an area ensures animal’s survival, and allowing them to reproduce

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Two main categories of conservation

A

Two main categories of conservation:
-In situ conservation
-Ex situ conservation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

In situ conservation

A

In situ conservation = within the natural habitat
-Maintains both genetic diversity as well as the evolutionary adaptations that enable a species to adapt contually to changing environmental conditions
-by allowing the endangered species to interact with other species, it also preserves the inderdependant relationships present in a habitat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Ex situ conservation

A

Ex situ conservation = out of the natural habitat
-Involves the removal of organisms out of their natural habitat
-Normally used in addition to in situ measures, ensuring the survival of a spceies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Difference between being extinct and being extinct in the wild

A

-Extinct: no organisms of the species exist anywhere in the world
-Extinct in the wild: organisms of the species only exist in captivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Endangered definition

A

Endangered - a species that is in danger of extinction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Vulnerable species definition

A

Vulnerable = a species that is considered likely to become endangered in the near future

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Sustainable development definition

A

Sustainable development: economic development that meets the needs of people today, without limiting the ability of future generations to meet their needs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Active management techniques for in situ conservation

A

Active management techniques for in situ conservation:
-Controlled grazing (only allowing livestock to graze a particular area of land for a certain period of time to allow species time to recover)
-Restricting human access
-Controlling poaching (defences + fines to prevent this eg removal of rhino hornes)
-Reintroduction of species (adding species to areas that have become locally extinct)
-Feeding animals (helps to ensure more organisms survive to reproductive age)
-Culling or removal of invasive species
-Halting succession

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why is halting sucession used as an active management techqnique for in situ conservation?

A

Halting succession:
-Succession (a natural process in which early colonising species are replaced over time until a stable mature population is achieved) 0> halting this maintains habitats for future generations eg stops heaths becoming woodlands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Marine conservation zones/Marine reserves

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Botanic gardens as an example of ex situ conservation

A

Botanic gardens:
-For maintaining plant species -> actively managed to provide them with the best resources to grow eg soil nutrients and watering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Seed banks as an example of ex situ conservation

A

Seed banks:
-Example of a gene bank (stores genetic material) -> seeds carefully stored so that new plants may be grown in the future
-Dried and stored at temperatures of -20 to maintain their viability, by slowing down the rate at which they germinate
-Dont work for all plants, some die when dried and frozen, sadly this is the case for tropical rainforest trees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Captive breeding as an example of ex situ conservation

A

Captive breeding:
Captive breeding programmes produce offspring of species in a human-controlled environment -> often run by zoos and aquatic centres -> gradually reintroduces the species back into its natural habitat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why is it difficult to maintain genetic diversity within a captive breeding programme? How cna this be overcome?

A

It is difficult to maintain genetic diversity within a captive breeding programme because only a small number of breeding partneres are available, and so problems related to inbreeding can occur
-This can be overcome by an maintaining an international catalogue that details genealogcal data of individuals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why may organisms born in captivity not be suitable to be released in the wild?

A

Organisms born in captivity may not be suitable to be released into the wild because:
-Disease (may be a loss of resistance to local disease in captive-bred populations)
-Behaviour (behaviour mostly is innate and not learnt from experience in the wild)
-Genetic races (genetic makeup of captive animals can become so different from the original population that the two populations cannot interbreed)
-Habitat (natural habitats may need to be restored first)

17
Q

Conservation agreements

A

To conserve biodiversity sucessfully, local + internaitonal cooperation is recquired to ensure habitats and individual species are preserved

18
Q

International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN)

A

IUCN:
-Assists in securing agreements between nations
-At least once a year, the IUCN publishes the red list which details the current conservation status of threatened animals
-Involved in the establishment of the Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) - this treaty regulates the international trade of wild plants and animal species +their products - more than 35,000 species are protected by this treaty

19
Q

Why should cross border protections be offered in conservation agreements?

A

Animals do not respect a country’s boundaries, therefore to increase the change of species survival, cross border protections should be offered

20
Q

Conventions of international trade in endangered species (CITES)

A

Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) - this treaty regulates the international trade of wild plants and animal species +their products - more than 35,000 species are protected by this treaty

21
Q

The Rio Convention

A

The rio convention:
-1992, a historic meeting of 172 nations was held in Rio de Janeiro, which became known as the earth summit, resulted in some new agreements between nations in the Rio Convention:
~The convention of biological diversity (CBD) recquires countries to develop national strategies for sustainable development
~The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) is an agreement betwene nationals to take steps to stabilise greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere
-The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) aims to prevent the transformation of fertile land into desert and reduce the effects of drought through programmes of international cooperation

22
Q

Countryside Stewardship Scheme

A

Countryside stewardship scheme:
-Set up at a local level in England
-Operated in 1991-2014
-Offered governmental payments to farmer and other land managers to enhance and conserve the english landscape
-General aim was to make conservation a part of normal farming and land management practise
-Specific aims: sustaining the beauty and diversity of the landscape, improving extending and creating wildlife habitats, restoring neglected land and conserving acheological and historical features, improving opportunities for countryside enjoymeny
-Scheme is replaced by the Environmental Stewardship Scheme