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2ND YR- CSA- E lecs > Biocompatability > Flashcards

Biocompatability Flashcards

1
Q

What is a biomaterial?

A

Any substance (other than drugs) or combination of substances, synthetic or natural in origin which can be used for any period of time which treats, augments or replaces any tissue, organ, or function of the body

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2
Q

Name some common biomaterial used in medicine

A
  1. Artificial heart valves

2. Hip joints

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3
Q

Give some examples fo biomaterials used in dent

A

Restorative materials likeamalgams and casting alloys and implants

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4
Q

What is the life time of an amalgam filling?

A

14 years

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5
Q

Briefly outline the sequence of emends that occurs wen the body experiences an injury

A
  1. Coagulation
  2. Acute inflammation
  3. Chronic inflammation
  4. Immune response
  5. Wound healing
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6
Q

Define biocompatibility

A

The ability of a material to elicit an appropriate response in given application.

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7
Q

What are the 3 important factors in biocompatibility?

A
  1. Interactions between host the patient
  2. Material
  3. Function of materials
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8
Q

What can cause the response of the body to material to change?

A
  1. Disease
  2. Ageing
  3. Corrosion
  4. Fatigue
  5. Diet
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9
Q

How is biocompatibility relevant to dentists?

A
  1. Safety of the patient
  2. Safety of the dental staff
  3. Legal liability
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10
Q

What are some of the potential biological effects of dental materials

A
  1. Cancer

2. Allergic reactions

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11
Q

What is a toxic material defined as?

A

A material the releases a chemical in sufficient quantities to kill cells either directly of indirectly through inhibition of key metabolism pathways

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12
Q

What are toxic reactions dependent?

A

Toxic reactions are dose dependent

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13
Q

What can trigger a toxic effect?

A

A one time large dose above threshold
OR
Repeated small doses

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14
Q

Why is it unlikely that a one time exposure will lead to a toxic reactions in a dental setting ?

A

As dental materials are largely insoluble

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15
Q

Give examples of materials that cam cause allergies in a dental environment?

A
  1. Eugenol
  2. Mercury
  3. Nickel
  4. Chromium
  5. Cobalt
  6. Components of resin based material
  7. Formaldehyde
  8. Methyl Methacrylate
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16
Q

Name common materials hat are known allergens in the dental environment

A
  1. Nickel
  2. Methacrylates
  3. Resin based materials
  4. Latex
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17
Q

Why is risk of exposure to the dental staff greater than risk to the patients?

A

As they are exposed to toxic materials everyday for long years

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18
Q

What materials present. greater risk to dental technicians

A

1 Acrylic resin

  1. Metals like Beryllium
  2. Gypsum
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19
Q

What intra oral reactions can occur if a patient has an adverse effect from dental materials?

A
  1. Lichen plants type reaction
  2. Swelling, tenderness and reddening
  3. Burning sensation and/or taste changes
  4. Ulceration or blisters
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20
Q

What reactions can occur to the face and/or lips if a patient has an adverse effect from dental materials?

A
  1. Swelling, tenderness and/or reddening
  2. Ulceration or blisters
  3. Dermatitis, eczema or urticaria
  4. Burning sensation and/or tingling
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21
Q

What reactions can occur to the hand, wrists and/or finger reactions if a patient has an adverse effect from dental materials?

A
  1. Dermatitis, eczema or urticaria
  2. Itching, dry, cracked and/or burning skin
  3. Swelling, tenderness and/or reddening
  4. Ulceration, blisters or vesicles
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22
Q

What general reactions can occur if a patient has an adverse effect from dental materials?

A
  1. Breathing problems wheezing and asthma
  2. Runny irritated and/or nose
  3. Coughing, sneezing and/or sore threat
  4. Headache, nausea and/or dizziness
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23
Q

What considerations do we need to make when determining the significance of current data regarding dental exposure risk?

A

We need to consider:

  1. that exposure potential is different among patients, dental workers and industrial workers involved in raw manufacture of the materials
  2. Human factors
  3. Exposure factors
24
Q

What 2 things do e measure when making a risk assessment for mercury in amalgam filings?

A

LOAEL: Lowest observed adverse effect level
NOAEL: No observed adverse effect level

25
Q

What does LOAEL stand for?

A

Lowest observed adverse effect level

26
Q

What does NOAEL stand for?

A

No observed adverse effect level

27
Q

What is the NOAEL threshold for the normal public?

A

5ug/m3

28
Q

Give examples of human factors we should be considering when determining the significance of current data regarding dental exposure risk

A
  1. Age
  2. Sex
  3. Foetal exposure
  4. Allergic potential
  5. Diet
  6. Pre existing disease
  7. Nutritional status
29
Q

Give examples of human factors we should be considering when determining the significance of current data regarding dental exposure risk

A
  1. Quantity
  2. Route
  3. Length pf exposure
  4. Accumulation in tissues
  5. Excretion characteristics
30
Q

According to the WHO who are essential elements?

A

Elements the are necessary for many physiological factors

31
Q

Name the elements the WHO considers are essential

A
  1. Zinc
  2. Iodine
  3. Selenium
  4. Cobalt
  5. Iron
  6. Molybdenum
    7 Copper
  7. Chromium
32
Q

If a biomaterial consists essential elements does that mean it is biocompatible ?

A

NO

Just because a biomaterial consists of elements normally found in the body does not ensure its biocompatibility.

33
Q

Why are biomaterials that have essential elements no considered biocompatible?

A

Because Reactions between elements already present in the biological environment and the material must also be considered

34
Q

Describe what can happen to some of the metals used in restorations when they react with the environment

A

Metals undergo chemical or electrochemical reactions with the environment, resulting in dissolution or formation of chemical compounds. This is called corrosion.

35
Q

What is the most common dental disease in the western society?

A

Tooth decay

36
Q

List some things that amalgam has allegedly been responsive for

A
  1. Irritability and anger
  2. Low self confidence
  3. Decline of intellect
  4. Memory loss and drowsiness
  5. Insomnia
  6. Hypoxia
  7. Changes in BP and HR
  8. chest pain
37
Q

Which form of mercury is associated with biosynthesis and bio accumulation in fish?

A

Methy mercury

38
Q

When is mercury exposure a risk in dentistry?

A
  1. Preparation of amalgam
  2. Placement of amalgam,
  3. Removal of amalgam
    4, Polishing amalgam
  4. Incorrect storage or spillage of amalgam
  5. Waste amalgam
39
Q

Name some of the issues need to consider when assessing the biological response of materials?

A
  1. The location of the material
  2. The duration of the material
  3. Stress laced on the material
40
Q

What are the. basic tests used to measure the biocompatibility of dental materials?

A
  1. In vitro tests
  2. Animal tests
  3. Usage tests
41
Q

Where are in vitro tests performed?

A

Outside an organism

They may be conducted either in a test-tube or in a cell dish.

42
Q

Briefly go through the steps of an in vitro test

A
  1. The material or the extract of the material is placed into contact with some biological system
  2. The contact of the material with the system may be direct or indirect.. Using the cell cultures and techniques basic biological poverties of a dental material can be investigated (eg toxicity)
43
Q

Give some examples of biological systems that can be used in an in vitro test

A
  1. Mammalian cells
  2. Cellular organelles
  3. Tissues
  4. bacteria
    5 Some sort of enzyme
44
Q

Give some of the advantages of an IN vitro test

A
  1. Controllable
  2. Can isolate
  3. Repeatable
  4. Fast
  5. Relatively inexpensive
  6. Relatively simple
45
Q

Give some of the disadvantages of an In vitro test

A

May provide misleading results

46
Q

Where are usage and animal tests performed?

A

The materials are placed inside an intact organism

47
Q

What organisms are usually used in animal tests?

A
  1. Mice
  2. Rats
  3. Hamsters
  4. Ferrets
  5. Guinea Pigs
48
Q

What are animals exposed to in animal testing?

A

Animals are expose to the material without regard to the materials final use

49
Q

what is an advantage of animal tests?

A

The material may interact with the many complex biological systems within the animal and therefore a more complete biological response is measured.

50
Q

Where are the materials required to be placed when performing a page test

A

To be placed in an environment clinical relevant to the use of the material

51
Q

Give an advantages of the usage test

A

It is the most relevant test

52
Q

Give some disadvantages of the usage test

A
  1. Expensive
  2. Time-consuming
  3. Very difficult to control
  4. Difficult to interpret
    5 Legal and ethical issues
53
Q

Is is possible to biologically characterise a dental material by a single test method ?

A

No a combination of tests should be used

54
Q

Are dental materials considers drugs or devices?

A

Devices

55
Q

According to the FDA what are devices required show in comparison to drugs?

A

devices are required to show safety only however the drugs must show safety and efficacy.

56
Q

What aspects must we consider when a patients new filling?

A
  1. Systemic health
  2. Patient habits
  3. Ou expectations
  4. Dynamic relationship between material host and function
57
Q

When deciding whether to using are materials what should we consider?

A
  1. What tests were used to assess this material
  2. Clinical trials
  3. Dynamic ad ongoing process
  4. Risk-benefit decision

2ND YR- CSA- E lecs (14 decks)

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