Biochemistry up until protein

Question 1

3 fluid components of the body

Answer 1

• cytoplasm inside cells
• Fluid between cells of the body (NOT blood)
• Fluid in the blood plasma (within vessels)

Question 2

What percent of the body is water?

Answer 2

• 60% of the body is water

- there are thousands of types of molecules and ions found in these fluids

Question 3

Characteristics of macromolecules

Answer 3

“Macro” means large

• macromolecules are complex assemblies of organic molecules
• built from subunits, or monomers

Question 4

What are Organic molecules?

Answer 4

• these molecules contain carbon bonded to hydrogen and other atoms (CHNOPs)

Question 5

Four categories of macromolecules

Answer 5

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nuclei acids (DNA, RNA)

Question 6

What are monomers?

Answer 6

Smaller individual molecules which, when linked together in chains, are polymers

“Mono” means one —> one single subunit

Question 7

Dehydration Synthesis

Answer 7

• chemical reaction necessary to BUILD macromolecules
• a covalent bond is formed between two subunits as a hydroxyl group (-OH) is removed from one, and a hydrogen atom (H) is removed from the other
• both monomers are now bonded at the same oxygen atom

KEY WORDS
Dehydration: water is removed by reaction
Synthesis: building or assembly

Question 8

hydrolysis

Answer 8

• chemical reaction necessary to BREAK DOWN macromolecules
• covalent bond between monomers is broken by addition of water
• A hydroxyl group from water is added to one monomer, while the remaining hydrogen is added to the other

KEY COMPONENTS
Hydro: water is necessary
Lysis: Breakage

REVERSES DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS

Question 9

Carbohydrates ratio, monomer, example

Answer 9

• CH2O Ratio (1:2:1)
• Monosaccharides (Simple Sugar monomer) and polysaccharides

Ex. Glucose - an immediate energy source

Question 10

Glucose

Answer 10

• an immediate energy source

Question 11

Examples of lipids

Answer 11

Fats, oils Waxes, phospholipids

Question 12

Characteristics of lipids

Answer 12

• insoluble in water because they are non-polar

- 2.25 times more energy per gram than other macromolecules ; Energy storage

Question 13

What structures are made up of lipids?

Answer 13

• cell membranes, steroid hormones (testosterone, estrogen) cholesterol

Question 14

Triglycerides characteristics

Answer 14

• these are fats and oils
• glycerol molecule bonded to three fatty acid chains
• use for protection, insulation
• fatty acids are nonpolar

Question 15

What monomers build lipids?

Answer 15

• fatty acids

- these are organic acids that have a carboxyl group (COOH)

Question 16

Saturated fatty acids characteristics

Answer 16

• have no carbon double bonds, leaving room for carbons to be saturated with hydrogen atoms
• typically of animal origin
• usually solid at room temperature due to no double bonds (butter, lard)
• three chains can all be different on “E”

Question 17

Unsaturated fatty acids characteristics

Answer 17

• have one more double bonds between carbons, creating bands in the chain
• The bands mean the fatty acids are more loosely packed
• Unsaturated fats are less dense and commonly liquid at room temp
• typically of plant origin

Question 18

Phospholipids characteristics

Answer 18

• hydrophilic heads
• hydrophobic tails
• useful in the formation of the cell membrane

Question 19

Proteins characteristics

Answer 19

• plays various roles in the cell

- composed of amino acid monomers, assembled by peptide bonds (dehydration synthesis) into polypeptides

Question 20

What are amino acids?

Answer 20

• monomers that build protein
• Central carbon bonded to hydrogen, an amino group (NH2), carboxyl group, and a variable R group (20 different types)
• sequence of bonded amino acids construct different proteins
• R groups are very different from each other

Question 21

What are the four levels of protein structure?

Answer 21

• Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary,

Question 22

Primary protein structure

Answer 22

• Specific linear sequence of amino acids

Question 23

Secondary protein structure

Answer 23

• folding and twisting
• right or left handed alpha helix, beta-pleated sheets
• folding depends on R group and C interact

Question 24

Tertiary protein structure

Answer 24

• folding of protein into a globular structure
• sometimes involves bonding between R groups
• I think whole structure is encoded in aa sequence

Question 25

Quaternary protein structure

Answer 25

• Two or more poly peptide to join into a single protein