Biochemistry of glucose and insulin

Question 1

What are 3 indicators for hypoglycaemic death?

Answer 1

Decreased blood glucose Increased insulin Decreased C peptide

Question 2

Where is insulin synthesised?

Answer 2

Rough endoplasmic reticulum of beta cells

Question 3

What is cleaved to form insulin?

Answer 3

Preproinsulin

Question 4

What are the 5 speeds of insulin preperation?

Answer 4

Ultra-fast Short acting Intermediate acting Long acting Ultra long acting

Question 5

What is an example of an ultra fast insulin?

Answer 5

Lispro

Question 6

What is an example of a short acting insulin?

Answer 6

Glargine

Question 7

How does glucose enter Beta cells?

Answer 7

GLUT2

Question 8

What is the minimum BG for insulin to be released?

Answer 8

5mM

Question 9

What is the graph of insulin release known as?

Answer 9

Biphasic

Question 10

What % of insulin are readily releasable?

Answer 10

5%

Question 11

What 6 things does insulin turn on?

Answer 11

Amino acid uptake in muscle DNA synthesis Protein synthesis Glucose uptake Lipogenesis Glycogen synthesis

Question 12

What 2 things does insulin switch off?

Answer 12

Lipolysis Gluconeogenesis

Question 13

What 2 proteins are in Katp channels?

Answer 13

Kir6 SUR1

Question 14

What is a KIR6 subunit?

Answer 14

Inward rectifier subunit

Question 15

What is a SUR1 subunit?

Answer 15

Sulphonylurea receptor

Question 16

What can mutations in KIR6.2 lead to?

Answer 16

Neonatal diabetes

Question 17

What drug class can be used to treat neonatal diabetes?

Answer 17

Sulphonylureas

Question 18

Is MODY familial?

Answer 18

Yes

Question 19

What is wrong in MODY?

Answer 19

Defect in Beta cell function

Question 20

What is MODY 2 caused by?

Answer 20

Glucose sensing defect that impairs glucokinase activity

Question 21

What play an important role in pancreatic foetal development and neogenesis?

Answer 21

HNF transcription factors

Question 22

What do HNF transcription factors regulate?

Answer 22

B cell differentiation and function

Question 23

How is Leprachaunism-Donohue syndrome inherited?

Answer 23

Autosomal Recessive

Question 24

What causes LD syndrome?

Answer 24

Mutations in insulin receptor gene

Question 25

What are the symptoms of LD syndrome?

Answer 25

Severe insulin resistance Developmental abnormalities Elfin facial appearance Abscence of subcutaneous fat

Question 26

How is Rabson mendenhall syndrome inherited?

Answer 26

AR

Question 27

What are the symptoms of RM syndrome?

Answer 27

Severe IR Hyperglycaemia Hyperinsulinaemia Acanthosis nigricans Fasting hypoglycaemia DKA

Question 28

Where are Ketone bodies formed?

Answer 28

In the liver mitochondria

Question 29

How do ketone bodies get to peripheral tissues?

Answer 29

Diffusion into blood stream

Question 30

Why does low insulin lead to DKA?

Answer 30

No lipolysis Ketone body overload

Question 31

Can insulin administration lead to insulin resistance?

Answer 31

Yes