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Endocrine Lectures Important Points > Biochemistry of glucose and insulin > Flashcards

Biochemistry of glucose and insulin Flashcards

1
Q

What are 3 indicators for hypoglycaemic death?

A

Decreased blood glucose Increased insulin Decreased C peptide

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2
Q

Where is insulin synthesised?

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum of beta cells

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3
Q

What is cleaved to form insulin?

A

Preproinsulin

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4
Q

What are the 5 speeds of insulin preperation?

A

Ultra-fast Short acting Intermediate acting Long acting Ultra long acting

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5
Q

What is an example of an ultra fast insulin?

A

Lispro

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6
Q

What is an example of a short acting insulin?

A

Glargine

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7
Q

How does glucose enter Beta cells?

A

GLUT2

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8
Q

What is the minimum BG for insulin to be released?

A

5mM

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9
Q

What is the graph of insulin release known as?

A

Biphasic

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10
Q

What % of insulin are readily releasable?

A

5%

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11
Q

What 6 things does insulin turn on?

A

Amino acid uptake in muscle DNA synthesis Protein synthesis Glucose uptake Lipogenesis Glycogen synthesis

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12
Q

What 2 things does insulin switch off?

A

Lipolysis Gluconeogenesis

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13
Q

What 2 proteins are in Katp channels?

A

Kir6 SUR1

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14
Q

What is a KIR6 subunit?

A

Inward rectifier subunit

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15
Q

What is a SUR1 subunit?

A

Sulphonylurea receptor

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16
Q

What can mutations in KIR6.2 lead to?

A

Neonatal diabetes

17
Q

What drug class can be used to treat neonatal diabetes?

A

Sulphonylureas

18
Q

Is MODY familial?

A

Yes

19
Q

What is wrong in MODY?

A

Defect in Beta cell function

20
Q

What is MODY 2 caused by?

A

Glucose sensing defect that impairs glucokinase activity

21
Q

What play an important role in pancreatic foetal development and neogenesis?

A

HNF transcription factors

22
Q

What do HNF transcription factors regulate?

A

B cell differentiation and function

23
Q

How is Leprachaunism-Donohue syndrome inherited?

A

Autosomal Recessive

24
Q

What causes LD syndrome?

A

Mutations in insulin receptor gene

25
Q

What are the symptoms of LD syndrome?

A

Severe insulin resistance Developmental abnormalities Elfin facial appearance Abscence of subcutaneous fat

26
Q

How is Rabson mendenhall syndrome inherited?

A

AR

27
Q

What are the symptoms of RM syndrome?

A

Severe IR Hyperglycaemia Hyperinsulinaemia Acanthosis nigricans Fasting hypoglycaemia DKA

28
Q

Where are Ketone bodies formed?

A

In the liver mitochondria

29
Q

How do ketone bodies get to peripheral tissues?

A

Diffusion into blood stream

30
Q

Why does low insulin lead to DKA?

A

No lipolysis Ketone body overload

31
Q

Can insulin administration lead to insulin resistance?

A

Yes

Endocrine Lectures Important Points (5 decks)

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