Biochemistry: Glycolysis I Flashcards
How long before you exhaust ATP stores while sprinting?
A few seconds. Each cell has about 5mM ATP
You wake up late, miss breakfast and are walking briskly to class. Where is your body getting energy to walk from?
Fatty acids are released from fats into the blood and taken up by the skeletal muscle mitochondria.
Once fatty acids reach the mitochondria, they need to be turned into acetyl-CoA before they can be used for energy. How are they oxidized?
Dehydrogenation. Withdrawing electrons from the fatty acid by NAD/FAD to form NADH/FADH2 oxidizes the hydrocarbons. NADH/FADH2 store energy.
Where does the acetyl-CoA product from beta oxidation go to? What is it converted to?
TCA cycle. It is further oxidized to CO2. NADH/FADH2 store energy.
The free energy of the reaction NADH + 02 -> NAD + H2O is -50kcal/mol. That is enormous. Where does all of that stored energy go to?
It is not transferred directly to 02. Energy is released slowly down the ETC. The energy is used to pump protons into the inter membrane space of the mitochondria.
Why do you produce 2 pounds of CO2 per day?
Much of the food you eat is converted to carbon dioxide and water in fatty acid catabolism.
What happens to pyruvate if you’re working out hard vs not working out hard?
Working out hard = lactate. Not working out hard = acetyl CoA
How much ATP is produced by glucose in anaerobic vs. aerobic conditions?
Aerobic = 30 ATP Anaerobic = 2 ATP
How is NAD recycled in anaerobic conditions in glycolysis?
Conversion of pyruvate to lactate turns over NAD from NADH
What is a serious side effect of not getting enough oxygen to mitochondria?
Pyruvate is not converted to acetyl CoA. ATP levels fall and cellular signaling ramps up glycolysis to generate ATP. Glycolysis also cranks out lactate into the blood causing lactate acidosis.
What is the main cause for lactate acidosis?
Oxygen deprivation to the ETC.
Glycerol, Glyceraldehyde, Glyceric Acid, Glycerate, Acetone, Hydroxyacetone, Dihydroxyacetone structures.
*These are two series of oxidations from glycerol and acetone
Kinase reactions
Usually irreversible reaction at physiological pH
Mutase reactions
Takes one phosphate group and transfers to another location
Isomerase reactions
Swaps groups
Dehydratase reactions
Removing water to create a double bond.
Aldolase reactions
Carbon-carbon bond cleavage between alpha and beta carbons. Splits glucose into 2-3 carbon fragments
Dehydrogenase reactions
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