Biochemistry Flashcards
A molecule with a net charge of zero with a positive and negative charge rendering it isoelectric
Zwitterion
Linear polymers of amino acids
Proteins
Functions of protein
Regulate METABOLISM facilitate CONTRACTION in muscle Provide structural FRAMEWORK SHUTTLE molecules in blood stream component of IMMUNE SYSTEM
The set of all the proteins expressed by an individual at a particular time
proteome
Major goal is to identify proteins and their postranslational modification which correlates with disease, physiologic phenomena and aging
Proteomics
Which part of its structur dictates function of amino acid
R group
Nonpolar vs polar
Nonpolar is hydrophobic
Polar hydrophilic
Amino acid that has the smallest side chain
Used in first step of heme synthesis
Glycine
Major neurotransmitter in the spinal cord
Glycine
Carries ammonia and carbons of pyruvate from skeletal muscle to liver
Alanine
Together with glycine constitutes major fraction of ammino acid in blood
3 ammino acids that accumulate in maple syrup disease
Valine leucine isoleucine
Phenylalanine
Precursor of tyrosine
Differ in only in side ring
Accumulates in phenylketonuria
Phenylalanine
Largest side chain
Tryptophan
Tryptophan prescursor of
Tryp mo siya no (toni)?
Tryptophan = melatonin, serotonin, niacin
Precursor of homocysteine
MetHionine
Actually an imino acid Pasaway Contributes to fibrous structure of collagen Causes kinks No charge
Free si Proline na pasaway
Proline
Tyrosine is the precursor of
L dopa > dopamine >norepinephrine >epinephrine
Thyroxine
Melanin
Glutamine is deamminated to ammonia by
Glutaminase
Major carrier of nitrogen to liver from peripheral tissues
Glutamine
Site of n linked glycolsylation of proteins
Asparagine
Ammino acid with sulfhydryl group
Cysteine
- participates in biosynthesis of co enzyme a
Cysteine + cysteine = cystine through a covalent disulfide bond
Precursor of gaba and glutathione
Glutamate
Enzyme that turns glutamate to gaba
Glutamate decarboxylase
Strongest base
Arginine
Weak base
Histidine
Precursor of histamine
Histidine
Used in diagnosis of FOLIC ACID DEFICIENCY thru FIGLU EXCREATION TEST
Histidine
Arginine is the precursors of
Creatinine , urea , nitric oxide
The 21st amino acid
Selenocysteine
Selenium atom replaces sulfur if cysteine
Lathyrus seeds
Nuerolathyrism
Progressive and irreversible spastic paralysis of lower extremities
Homoartinine and beta-N-oxalyldiaminopropionic acid
Cycad seeds
Neurotoxic
Implicated in disease such as ALS, Parkinson dementia complex in natives of Guam
Beta-Methylaminoalanine
Except for _____ all amino acids are chiral
Glycine
All ammino acids in proteins are in
L-configuration
D-configuration: bacterial cell walls and antibiotics
Essential ammino acids
PVT TIM HALL always ARGues never TYRs
Phenylalanine
Valine
Tryptophan
Threonine
Isoleucine
Methionine
Histidine
Arginine
Leucine
Lysine
Primary structure :_______________
Secondary structure : ______________
Tertiary structure: ________________
Quarternary structure: _____________
1- sequencing (peptide bonds attach alpha amino group to alpha carbonyl group of another)
- Folding (folding of short ,30-30 residue, contiguous segments of polypeptide into geometrically ordered units — hydrogen bond)
- 3D shape (globular vs fibrous)
- If more than 1 polypeptide chain
Most common secondary structure
And examples
Alpha helix
Keratin 100%
Hemoglobin 80%
Non repetitive secondary structure
Loops and coils
Supersecondary structures with no actual function
Motifs
First protein sequenced
Insulin
Specialized group of proteins required for proper folding
Prevents aggregation
Rescue proteins trapped in misfolded deadend
Chaperones
Resluts in unfolding and disorganization of proteins secondary and tertiary structures
Denaturation
PrPsc
Prion
Factors causing shift to the right
p50 is increased
Circumstances that needs more oxygen in tissues
Increase in (5) CO2 Acidity thus decrease in ph Temp 2,3 BPG Exercise
Shift to left lower p50
Release of oxygen from hgb is enhanced when it is acidic (lowered ph and increase in carbon dioxide)
Bohr effect
Effect of changes in oxyhemoglobin on the CO2 content of pCO2
Haldane effect
Hb gower 1:_____;conception
HbF :_______;_______
Hgb A: bone marrow; _________
Hgb A2: ________;shortly after birth onwards
Yolk sac, conception
Liver, first few months to after birth
Marrow, 8months onwards
Marrow, shortly after birth
Chains
hbf :________
Hbg A:_________
Hbg A2:________
Alpha 2 gamma 2
Alpha 2 beta
Alpha 2 delata 2
Major hgb found in fetus
Fetal hemoglobin
HbAIC goal for non pregnant adults
<7%
Car, cherry pink
Unconscious
Dx?
Treatment?
Carboxyhemoglobin
Give 100% oxygen
Anxiety headache and dyspnea
“Chocolate cyanosis” with O2 saturation of 85%
Dx? Treatment?
Methemoglobinemia
Mild: oral methylene blue or ascorbic acid (reducing agents)
Acute massive: iv. Methylene blue
Ankyrin mutation as the most common
Inherited defect in rbc membrane
Anemia
Splenomegaly
Jaundice
Diagnostic test? Dx?
Treatment?
Osmotic fragility test
Hereditary Spherocytosis
Splenectomy for symptomatic patients
Point mutation in both genes for the beta chain that results in valine rather than glutamate
It causes painful crises due to occlusion of the misshapen RBCs however it is protective against malaria
Sickle cell disease
In hemoglobin C disease which amino acids are substituted?
Lysine is substituted for glutamate
Inadequate synthesis of alpha chains that leads to anemia and accumulation of Hb Bart (gamma 4) and Hb H (Beta 4)
Symptoms appear at birth
Alpha thalassemia
Inadequate synthesis of beta chains accumulation of Hb Barts and alpha chain percipitation
Symptoms seen 6months after birth
Beta thalassemia
Most abundant protein in the body?
Most common form?
Collagen
Type 1 collagen
What vitamin is needed in the hydroxylation of collagen?
Vitamin C