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JazGI > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Glycogen in the liver maintains ____ for ___

glycogenolysis fluctuates dependant on ___

A

glucose blood concn for RBCs and brain

meals

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2
Q

Glycogen in muscle provides ___ via __+___ during physical activity

A

energy

glycolysis and TCA

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3
Q

Source of glucose at night when ___ glycogen is depleted

A

gluconeogenesis

hepatic glycogen

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4
Q

The more ____ links = more glycogen ___ = faster release

A

α-1,6 links ; branches

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5
Q

To synthesis glycogen need

A

at least 4 glucose residues

glycogenin (primer protein)

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6
Q

activated form of glucose =

_____ link releases E on ____

A

UDP-glucose
phosphate ester link
hydrolysis

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7
Q

enzyme that extend glycogen chain

A

glycogen synthase

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8
Q

enzyme that adds α-1,6 branches roughly every ___ glucose residues =

A

transglycosylase

10 glucose residues

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9
Q

glycogenolysis occurs in the ___

____ is dephosphorylated by and ___ released into blood

A

liver

glucose-6-phosphate > glucose by glucose-6-phosphatase

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10
Q

in muscle glycogenolysis does/doesnt occur because ___

A

doesnt

muscle doesnt have glucose-6-phosphatase

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11
Q

Enzyme that converts glucose to glucose-6-phosphate

1st steo in glycogenesis

A

hexokinase

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12
Q

Enzyme that converts glucose -6-phosphate to glucose-1-phosphate
(2nd step in glycogenesis)

A

phosphoglucomutase

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13
Q

enzyme that adds UTP to glucose-1-phosphate to convert it to UDP-glucose
(3rd step in glycogenesis)

A

UDP- glucose pyrophosphorylase

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14
Q

Insulin stimulates and glucagon inhibits ___ in the rate limiting step of glycogenesis

A

glycogen synthase

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15
Q

Insulin inhibits and glucagon/adrenaline/cortisol stimulate ___ in the rate limiting step of glyconolysis __>___

A

glycogen phosphorylase

glycogen to glucose-1-phosphate

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16
Q

Insulins effects on glycogenesis and glycogenolysis

A

stimulates glycogenesis

inhibits glycogenolysis

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17
Q

Factors that stimulate glycogenolysis

A

glucagon
adrenaline
cortisol

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18
Q

Enzyme that converts glucose-1-phosphate to glucose-6-phosphate
(2nd step in glycogenolysis)

A

phosphoglucomutase

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19
Q

Enzyme that converts glucose-6-phosphate to glucose
(last step in glycogenolysis)
occurs only in the ___ and glucose enters blood via __
otherwise the glucose-6-phosphate> ___

A

glucose-6-phosphatase
liver > GLUT2
glycolysis

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20
Q

Synthesis of glucose from non-carb. precursors =

occurs during___

A

gluconeogenesis

starvation

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21
Q

precursors for gluconeogenesis

A

lactic acid
amino acids
glycerol

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22
Q

Energy for gluconeogenesis is supplied from __+__

A

oxidation of FAs from adipose tissues

body protein

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23
Q

Location of gluconeogenesis

A

mainly liver and some in kidneys

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24
Q

___ is synthesised from pyruvate in mitochondria and in TCA accepts ___ groups from fat breakdown

A

oxaloacetate

acetyl groups

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25
E required for gluconeogenesis
6ATP
26
Glycolysis in muscle -> gluconeogenesis in liver (repeated) = for each cycle ___ATP is made and ___ is used Function:
Cori cycle 2ATP made; 6ATP used up stop blood and muscle becoming to acidic when no O2 and buys time
27
AAs can enter TCA as intermediate/pyruvate>__ | or as ____ if __ is already present
oxaloacetate | acetyl Co-A if oxaloacetate already present
28
___ stimulates gluconeogenesis and inhibits glycolysis | ___ does the opposite
glucagon stimulates gluconeogenesis and inhibits glycolysis | insulin does the opposite
29
substances and their concns that stimulate glycolysis and inhibit gluconeogenesis
AMP, ADP + fructose-2,6-biphosphate high levels | citrate, ATP, alanine or acetyl Co-A low levels
30
substances and their concns that inhibit glycolysis and stimulate gluconeogenesis
ATP, citrate, alanine, acetyl-CoA high levels | fructose-2,6-biphosphate low levels
31
increased fat intake increases ____ of adipocytes
fat content and number of adipocytes
32
double bond in FAs are usually in __ format
cis
33
Most common FA in humans
palmitic acid
34
The body can't synthesise polyunsaturated FAs of more than ___ long
9C | = essential FAs
35
C next to the carboxyl group in FAs =
α carbon
36
C furthest from carboxyl group in FAs =
Ω carbon
37
Ω3 FA means that the C=C is ___
3C from Ω carbon
38
FAs of less than or equal to ___ long are liquid at temperature
8C
39
glycerol in the gut is absorbed into the ___
interstitial epithelial cells
40
short and medium FAs in the gut are absorbed into the ___ and go to the ____
mucosal cells > portal system
41
larger FAs and monoglycerides are re-synthed into ___ and absorbed into ___ where they go into the ___
triglycerides > mucosal cells where they're made into chylomicrons > lymphatics
42
FAs are oxidised in the cytoplasm by: (equation)
FA+CoA ---+2ATP--->acyl co-A
43
Carnitine shuttle is used to _____
transport acyl CoA (from FAs) into matrix for further oxidation
44
Carnitine shuttle equation:
acyl coA + carnitine = CoA and acyl carnitine by translocase, acyl carnitine is transported into matrix +CoA = acyl CoA + carnitine (transported back out)
45
β oxidation of FAs occurs in the ___ | each cycle produces
mitochondrial matrix | 1 acetyl CoA, FADH2, NADH H+, FA acyl CoA (shortened by 2C and goes back into cycle)
46
The E produced from a polyunsaturated FA of same length as a saturated one is less because
different enzymes are needed to break C=C bonds
47
odd-chain and branched FAs produce more/less E per C as saturated FAs
less
48
Sites of glycerol breakdown =
liver and kidney
49
Equation for glycerol breakdown
>glycerol-3-phosphate by glycerol kinase | dehydrogenated >dihydroxyacetone phosphate = normal intermediate of glycolysis
50
Breakdown of glycerol produces an intermediate of___
glycolysis
51
Ketone bodies are formed in ____ by _____ | are then taken in blood to _+_ for E where converted to ___ for the TCA
liver mitochondria from β-oxidation heart muscle and renal cortex acetyl CoA
52
In starvation/diabetes gluconeogenesis uses up ___ FAs are still oxidised for E to = ____ which then form ____ as there is no _____ to combine with it for the TCA => acidosis.
oxaloacetate acetyl-CoA> ketone bodies oxaloacetate
53
lipogeneis occurs in the ___
``` liver mainly kidney mammary glands adipose tissue brain ```
54
___ transports FAs in the blood and take to adipose tissue where they are stored as ___
albumin | triglycerides
55
Lipogenesis is a ___ process ie. it ___ electrons
reductive | requires electrons
56
Lipogenesis occurs in excess E intake glucose is converted to acetyl CoA in ___ which is converted to FAs in ___
mitochondria | cytoplasm
57
In lipogenesis acetyl CoA binds with ___ in the mitochondria to form ___ which is transported into the cytoplasm and then converted back to acetyl CoA
oxaloacetate > citrate
58
In lipogenesis: in cytoplasm the crucial regulatory step is:
acetyl CoA ---acetyl CoA carboxylase--> malonyl CoA (donates C to new lipid)
59
___ is electron donor to malonyl CoA in lipogenesis Enzyme to synth sat FAs = Lengthens acylchain by __ each cycle needs different enzymes at ___ length or if ___ needed
NADPH FA synthase 2C C16 / C=C
60
____ regulates FA anabolism it is stimulated by __ | inhibited by ___
acetyl CoA carboxylase stimulators: insulin and citrate inhibitors: glucagon, adrenaline, palmitoyl Co-A (when FAs in excess) + AMP
61
glycerol-3-phosphate is made in the liver from ___ + in adipose from ____ required in the synth of ___ and then _____ occurs to + 3 acyl CoAs
liver from glycerol adipose from glucose triglycerides esterification
62
Nitrogen from AA breakdown is excreted via:
urea (80%) formed in liver uric acid creatinine NH4+ ion
63
synthesis of urea, 3 steps =
transamination deamination urea cycle
64
In transamination for urea synth: In all tissues: ___ move the amino group from α-AAs to α-keto acids => glutamate Transported to liver by __ or ___
aminotransferases | alanine OR glutamine
65
Deamination and urea/___ cycle in urea synth: In ___:amino group of ___ -> free __ ion N from___+ N from ____ and C from ___ = ___
ornithine cycle liver glutamate -> NH4+ NH4+ , aspartic acid, CO2 = urea
66
The urea cycle uses _ATP as _ PO4 bonds are broken | and it produces ___ a intermediate in TCA
3ATP 4PO4 fumarate
67
C skeletons of ketogenic AAs are degraded to ___/___ and form __/___
acetyl CoA/acetoacetyl CoA | ketone bodies/FAs
68
C skeletons of glucogenic AAs are degraded to __/___ and are involved in ___
pyruvate/TCA intermediates | gluconeogenesis
69
3 inherited disorders of AA degradation:
alcaptonuria maple syrup urine disease phenylketonuria
70
Urea cycle disorders cause __ to increase which is toxic for the NS. Treat = ____ diet and drugs that ___
NH4+ | low protein diet and N2 removing drugs
71
Plasma proteins biggest>smallest
albumin α globulins β globulins γ globulins
72
α globulin eg.s
ceruloplasmin (Cu2+) | retinol binding protein (vit A transport)
73
vitamin A is converted to __ - part of ___ a visual pigment
retinaldehyde part of rhodopsin
74
α globulins functions =
transport lipoproteins, lipids, hormones, bilirubin and dietary metals
75
β globulin eg.s
transferrin (Fe3+ transport) | fibrinogen
76
50% of plasma proteins =
albumin
77
albumin is __ charged and __ soluble | is main determinant of ___
-vely charged water soluble plasma oncotic P
78
___ stimulates albumin synthesis
insulin
79
albumin transports ___ molecules, it has a ___ affinity but a ___ capacity
lipophilic/hydrophobic low affinity high capacity
80
eg.s of substances transferred by albumin (5)
``` thyroid hormones sex hormones FAs bilirubin exogenous substances eg. aspirin ```
81
Fe3+ is reduced to Fe2+ for ___ by __ being oxidised
storage | Cu2+
82
Deficiency of ceruloplasmin for Cu2+ transport =
Wilson's disease
83
Tranport exogenous tri.s =
chylomicrons
84
transport endogenous tri.s =
VLDL
85
Transport lipids to peripheral tissues =
LDL
86
Cholesterol is a precursor for (3)
steroid hormones bile salt vitamin D
87
cholesterol is more/less soluble in water than cholesteryl esters
more
88
__% of cholesterol circulates in free form
30%
89
Rate limiting step in cholesterol synthesis is :
HMG CoA to mevalonic acid by HMG CoA reductase
90
Cholesterol synthesis starts with ___ the reducing power is from __ and energy from ___
2 acetyl CoA NADPH ATP
91
vitamin D regulates __+__ metabolism | most abundant form =
Calcium and phosphorus | D3
92
Liver stores these 3 vitamins and __
A (10 months worth as retinol palmitate) D (3 wks worth) B12 (few yrs worth) Iron bound to ferritin
93
β oxidation in lipid metabolism is the conversion of __ to __ in the ___
fatty acyl co-A to acetyl co-A in the mitochondrion
94
__ can't be used for gluconeogenesis
FAs
95
For saturated FAs in fat catabolism the number of oxidation cycles =
(no of Cs/2) - 1
96
acetyl coA carboxylase (in FA synthesis) is stimulated by
insulin and citrate
97
acetyl coA carboxylase (in FA synthesis) is inhibited by
glucagon, adrenaline, palmitoyl coA, AMP
98
___ AAs can be completely oxidised in TCA | ___ AAs can be used to form glucose
ketogenic AAs = TCA glucogenic AAs = glucose all are precursore for gluconeogenesis

JazGI (26 decks)

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