Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

JazGI > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Glycogen in the liver maintains ____ for ___

glycogenolysis fluctuates dependant on ___

A

glucose blood concn for RBCs and brain

meals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Glycogen in muscle provides ___ via __+___ during physical activity

A

energy

glycolysis and TCA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Source of glucose at night when ___ glycogen is depleted

A

gluconeogenesis

hepatic glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The more ____ links = more glycogen ___ = faster release

A

α-1,6 links ; branches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

To synthesis glycogen need

A

at least 4 glucose residues

glycogenin (primer protein)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

activated form of glucose =

_____ link releases E on ____

A

UDP-glucose
phosphate ester link
hydrolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

enzyme that extend glycogen chain

A

glycogen synthase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

enzyme that adds α-1,6 branches roughly every ___ glucose residues =

A

transglycosylase

10 glucose residues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

glycogenolysis occurs in the ___

____ is dephosphorylated by and ___ released into blood

A

liver

glucose-6-phosphate > glucose by glucose-6-phosphatase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

in muscle glycogenolysis does/doesnt occur because ___

A

doesnt

muscle doesnt have glucose-6-phosphatase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Enzyme that converts glucose to glucose-6-phosphate

1st steo in glycogenesis

A

hexokinase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Enzyme that converts glucose -6-phosphate to glucose-1-phosphate
(2nd step in glycogenesis)

A

phosphoglucomutase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

enzyme that adds UTP to glucose-1-phosphate to convert it to UDP-glucose
(3rd step in glycogenesis)

A

UDP- glucose pyrophosphorylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Insulin stimulates and glucagon inhibits ___ in the rate limiting step of glycogenesis

A

glycogen synthase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Insulin inhibits and glucagon/adrenaline/cortisol stimulate ___ in the rate limiting step of glyconolysis __>___

A

glycogen phosphorylase

glycogen to glucose-1-phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Insulins effects on glycogenesis and glycogenolysis

A

stimulates glycogenesis

inhibits glycogenolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Factors that stimulate glycogenolysis

A

glucagon
adrenaline
cortisol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Enzyme that converts glucose-1-phosphate to glucose-6-phosphate
(2nd step in glycogenolysis)

A

phosphoglucomutase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Enzyme that converts glucose-6-phosphate to glucose
(last step in glycogenolysis)
occurs only in the ___ and glucose enters blood via __
otherwise the glucose-6-phosphate> ___

A

glucose-6-phosphatase
liver > GLUT2
glycolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Synthesis of glucose from non-carb. precursors =

occurs during___

A

gluconeogenesis

starvation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

precursors for gluconeogenesis

A

lactic acid
amino acids
glycerol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Energy for gluconeogenesis is supplied from __+__

A

oxidation of FAs from adipose tissues

body protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Location of gluconeogenesis

A

mainly liver and some in kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

___ is synthesised from pyruvate in mitochondria and in TCA accepts ___ groups from fat breakdown

A

oxaloacetate

acetyl groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

E required for gluconeogenesis

A

6ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Glycolysis in muscle -> gluconeogenesis in liver (repeated) =
for each cycle ___ATP is made and ___ is used
Function:

A

Cori cycle
2ATP made; 6ATP used up
stop blood and muscle becoming to acidic when no O2 and buys time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

AAs can enter TCA as intermediate/pyruvate>__

or as ____ if __ is already present

A

oxaloacetate

acetyl Co-A if oxaloacetate already present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

___ stimulates gluconeogenesis and inhibits glycolysis

___ does the opposite

A

glucagon stimulates gluconeogenesis and inhibits glycolysis

insulin does the opposite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

substances and their concns that stimulate glycolysis and inhibit gluconeogenesis

A

AMP, ADP + fructose-2,6-biphosphate high levels

citrate, ATP, alanine or acetyl Co-A low levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

substances and their concns that inhibit glycolysis and stimulate gluconeogenesis

A

ATP, citrate, alanine, acetyl-CoA high levels

fructose-2,6-biphosphate low levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

increased fat intake increases ____ of adipocytes

A

fat content and number of adipocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

double bond in FAs are usually in __ format

A

cis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Most common FA in humans

A

palmitic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

The body can’t synthesise polyunsaturated FAs of more than ___ long

A

9C

= essential FAs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

C next to the carboxyl group in FAs =

A

α carbon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

C furthest from carboxyl group in FAs =

A

Ω carbon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Ω3 FA means that the C=C is ___

A

3C from Ω carbon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

FAs of less than or equal to ___ long are liquid at temperature

A

8C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

glycerol in the gut is absorbed into the ___

A

interstitial epithelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

short and medium FAs in the gut are absorbed into the ___ and go to the ____

A

mucosal cells > portal system

41
Q

larger FAs and monoglycerides are re-synthed into ___ and absorbed into ___ where they go into the ___

A

triglycerides > mucosal cells where they’re made into chylomicrons > lymphatics

42
Q

FAs are oxidised in the cytoplasm by: (equation)

A

FA+CoA —+2ATP—>acyl co-A

43
Q

Carnitine shuttle is used to _____

A

transport acyl CoA (from FAs) into matrix for further oxidation

44
Q

Carnitine shuttle equation:

A

acyl coA + carnitine = CoA and acyl carnitine
by translocase, acyl carnitine is transported into matrix
+CoA = acyl CoA + carnitine (transported back out)

45
Q

β oxidation of FAs occurs in the ___

each cycle produces

A

mitochondrial matrix

1 acetyl CoA, FADH2, NADH H+, FA acyl CoA (shortened by 2C and goes back into cycle)

46
Q

The E produced from a polyunsaturated FA of same length as a saturated one is less because

A

different enzymes are needed to break C=C bonds

47
Q

odd-chain and branched FAs produce more/less E per C as saturated FAs

A

less

48
Q

Sites of glycerol breakdown =

A

liver and kidney

49
Q

Equation for glycerol breakdown

A

> glycerol-3-phosphate by glycerol kinase

dehydrogenated >dihydroxyacetone phosphate = normal intermediate of glycolysis

50
Q

Breakdown of glycerol produces an intermediate of___

A

glycolysis

51
Q

Ketone bodies are formed in ____ by _____

are then taken in blood to + for E where converted to ___ for the TCA

A

liver mitochondria from β-oxidation
heart muscle and renal cortex
acetyl CoA

52
Q

In starvation/diabetes gluconeogenesis uses up ___
FAs are still oxidised for E to = ____ which then form ____ as there is no _____ to combine with it for the TCA => acidosis.

A

oxaloacetate
acetyl-CoA> ketone bodies
oxaloacetate

53
Q

lipogeneis occurs in the ___

A 
liver mainly
kidney
mammary glands
adipose tissue
brain
54
Q

___ transports FAs in the blood and take to adipose tissue where they are stored as ___

A

albumin

triglycerides

55
Q

Lipogenesis is a ___ process ie. it ___ electrons

A

reductive

requires electrons

56
Q

Lipogenesis occurs in excess E intake
glucose is converted to acetyl CoA in ___
which is converted to FAs in ___

A

mitochondria

cytoplasm

57
Q

In lipogenesis acetyl CoA binds with ___ in the mitochondria to form ___ which is transported into the cytoplasm and then converted back to acetyl CoA

A

oxaloacetate > citrate

58
Q

In lipogenesis: in cytoplasm the crucial regulatory step is:

A

acetyl CoA —acetyl CoA carboxylase–> malonyl CoA (donates C to new lipid)

59
Q

___ is electron donor to malonyl CoA in lipogenesis
Enzyme to synth sat FAs =
Lengthens acylchain by __ each cycle
needs different enzymes at ___ length or if ___ needed

A

NADPH
FA synthase
2C
C16 / C=C

60
Q

____ regulates FA anabolism it is stimulated by __

inhibited by ___

A

acetyl CoA carboxylase

stimulators: insulin and citrate
inhibitors: glucagon, adrenaline, palmitoyl Co-A (when FAs in excess) + AMP

61
Q

glycerol-3-phosphate is made in the liver from ___ + in adipose from ____
required in the synth of ___
and then _____ occurs to + 3 acyl CoAs

A

liver from glycerol
adipose from glucose
triglycerides
esterification

62
Q

Nitrogen from AA breakdown is excreted via:

A

urea (80%) formed in liver
uric acid
creatinine
NH4+ ion

63
Q

synthesis of urea, 3 steps =

A

transamination
deamination
urea cycle

64
Q

In transamination for urea synth:
In all tissues: ___ move the amino group from α-AAs to α-keto acids => glutamate
Transported to liver by __ or ___

A

aminotransferases

alanine OR glutamine

65
Q

Deamination and urea/___ cycle in urea synth:
In ___:amino group of ___ -> free __ ion
N from___+ N from ____ and C from ___ = ___

A

ornithine cycle
liver
glutamate -> NH4+
NH4+ , aspartic acid, CO2 = urea

66
Q

The urea cycle uses _ATP as _ PO4 bonds are broken

and it produces ___ a intermediate in TCA

A

3ATP
4PO4
fumarate

67
Q

C skeletons of ketogenic AAs are degraded to ___/___ and form __/___

A

acetyl CoA/acetoacetyl CoA

ketone bodies/FAs

68
Q

C skeletons of glucogenic AAs are degraded to __/___ and are involved in ___

A

pyruvate/TCA intermediates

gluconeogenesis

69
Q

3 inherited disorders of AA degradation:

A

alcaptonuria
maple syrup urine disease
phenylketonuria

70
Q

Urea cycle disorders cause __ to increase which is toxic for the NS. Treat = ____ diet and drugs that ___

A

NH4+

low protein diet and N2 removing drugs

71
Q

Plasma proteins biggest>smallest

A

albumin
α globulins
β globulins
γ globulins

72
Q

α globulin eg.s

A

ceruloplasmin (Cu2+)

retinol binding protein (vit A transport)

73
Q

vitamin A is converted to __ - part of ___ a visual pigment

A

retinaldehyde part of rhodopsin

74
Q

α globulins functions =

A

transport lipoproteins, lipids, hormones, bilirubin and dietary metals

75
Q

β globulin eg.s

A

transferrin (Fe3+ transport)

fibrinogen

76
Q

50% of plasma proteins =

A

albumin

77
Q

albumin is __ charged and __ soluble

is main determinant of ___

A

-vely charged
water soluble
plasma oncotic P

78
Q

___ stimulates albumin synthesis

A

insulin

79
Q

albumin transports ___ molecules, it has a ___ affinity but a ___ capacity

A

lipophilic/hydrophobic
low affinity
high capacity

80
Q

eg.s of substances transferred by albumin (5)

A 
thyroid hormones
sex hormones
FAs
bilirubin
exogenous substances eg. aspirin
81
Q

Fe3+ is reduced to Fe2+ for ___ by __ being oxidised

A

storage

Cu2+

82
Q

Deficiency of ceruloplasmin for Cu2+ transport =

A

Wilson’s disease

83
Q

Tranport exogenous tri.s =

A

chylomicrons

84
Q

transport endogenous tri.s =

A

VLDL

85
Q

Transport lipids to peripheral tissues =

A

LDL

86
Q

Cholesterol is a precursor for (3)

A

steroid hormones
bile salt
vitamin D

87
Q

cholesterol is more/less soluble in water than cholesteryl esters

A

more

88
Q

__% of cholesterol circulates in free form

A

30%

89
Q

Rate limiting step in cholesterol synthesis is :

A

HMG CoA to mevalonic acid by HMG CoA reductase

90
Q

Cholesterol synthesis starts with ___
the reducing power is from __
and energy from ___

A

2 acetyl CoA
NADPH
ATP

91
Q

vitamin D regulates __+__ metabolism

most abundant form =

A

Calcium and phosphorus

D3

92
Q

Liver stores these 3 vitamins and __

A

A (10 months worth as retinol palmitate)
D (3 wks worth)
B12 (few yrs worth)
Iron bound to ferritin

93
Q

β oxidation in lipid metabolism is the conversion of __ to __ in the ___

A

fatty acyl co-A to acetyl co-A in the mitochondrion

94
Q

__ can’t be used for gluconeogenesis

A

FAs

95
Q

For saturated FAs in fat catabolism the number of oxidation cycles =

A

(no of Cs/2) - 1

96
Q

acetyl coA carboxylase (in FA synthesis) is stimulated by

A

insulin and citrate

97
Q

acetyl coA carboxylase (in FA synthesis) is inhibited by

A

glucagon, adrenaline, palmitoyl coA, AMP

98
Q

___ AAs can be completely oxidised in TCA

___ AAs can be used to form glucose

A

ketogenic AAs = TCA
glucogenic AAs = glucose
all are precursore for gluconeogenesis

JazGI (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions