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MCAT > Biochem- Macromolecules and General Principles of Proteins > Flashcards

Biochem- Macromolecules and General Principles of Proteins Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Primary structure or Proteins, types of stabilizing bonds

A

linear sequence of AA’s in a peptide, stabilized by peptide bonds ( includes disulfide bonds)

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2
Q

secondary structure of proteins, types of stabilizing bonds

A

local structure of nonbonding AA’s, stabilized with H bonding, includes alpha helices and Beta sheets

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3
Q

tertiary structure of proteins, types of stabilizing bonds

A

further folding of protein onto itself, forms 3 dimensional shape, stabilized by hydrophobic interactions, acid-base interactions (salt bridges), H bonds and disulfide bonds

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4
Q

quaternary structure of proteins, types of stabilizing bonds

A

2 or more protein chains bonded together by peptide bonds ( noncovalent bonds)- protein has multiple subunits

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5
Q

what amino acid forms disulfide bonds?

A

2 cysteine molecules are oxidized and create a covalent bond

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6
Q

How does proline affect protein structure?

A

disrupts secondary structures

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7
Q

what is denaturation?

A

loss of 3 dimensional structure ( tertiary), inactivates protein

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8
Q

what type of reaction forms a peptide bond?

A

condensation / dehydration

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9
Q

what type of reactions breaks a peptide bond?

A

hydrolysis

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10
Q

what is a peptide (amide) bond?

A

bond between carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid

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11
Q

How many carbons are in a pyranose CHO ring?

A

6

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12
Q

how many carbons are in a furanose CHO ring?

A

5

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13
Q

which type of chiral naming system is used for sugars and carbs?

A

L- D system

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14
Q

How can you tell if 2 sugars are enantiomers? what are their configurations?

A

D- and L- forms of the same sugar= enantiomers

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15
Q

what are diastereomers?

A

nonsuperimposable configurations of molecules with similar connectivity, differ at at least one, but not all chiral carbons

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16
Q

what is an epimer?

A

subtype of diastereomer, differ at exactly 1 chiral center

17
Q

what is an anomer?

A

subtype of epimers, differ at an anomeric carbon

18
Q

what is an anomeric carbon?

A

new chiral center formed from a ring closure, it was the carbon containing the carbonyl in the straight chain form

19
Q

what are alpha and beta anomers? ( cis/trans)

A

alpha anomers have -OH on the anomeric C trans to the free -CH2OH group , alpha oriented down

beta anomers- have -OH on the anomeric C cis to the free -CH2OH group , beta oriented up

20
Q

what are glycosidic linkages?

A

connect anomeric carbons from one sugar to link to another sugar, forming complex CHOs, form between monosaccharides and alcohols

21
Q

what are the common disaccharides and what types of linkages do they have ( alpha vs beta, 1-2 vs 1-4)? What monosaccharides are they formed from?

A

sucrose (glucose-a-1,2-fructose)
lactose (galactose-b-1,4-glucose)
maltose (glucose-a-1,4-glucose)

22
Q

what are the 3 forms fatty acids exist in?

A

triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol

23
Q

what are the 3 ketone bodies

A

acetone, acetoacetic acid, B-hydroxybutyrate

24
Q

Is R configuration clockwise or counterclockwise?

A

R= clocwise rotation, S= counterclockwise rotation

25
Q

general structure of nucleotides?

A

5 C sugar, nitrogenous base and an inorganic phosphate

26
Q

what type of bond attaches nucleotides to form nucleic acids?

A

phosphodiester bonds

27
Q

what are nucleosides? How do they form nucleotides?

A

nitrogenous base and 5 C sugar, attach to Pi to form nucleotides

28
Q

which nitrogenous bases are purines?

A

adenine and guanine

29
Q

which nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines?

A

uracil, thymine, cytosine

30
Q

how many rings are in purines vs pyrimidines?

A

purines= 2 fused rings, pyrimidines= 1 ring

31
Q

which bonds hold together DNA strands by bonding together nitrogenous base pairs?

A

hydrogen bonds

32
Q

How many bonds form between A and T base pairs?

A

2 H bonds

33
Q

how many bonds form between G and C base pairs?

A

3 H bonds

34
Q

where can RNA be found in the cell ?

A

nucleus, cytoplasm, ribosomes

35
Q

where can DNA be found in the cell?

A

mitochondria and nucleus

36
Q

which type of bond is broken during DNA denaturation?

A

H bonds

37
Q

What is DNA hybridization?

A

reannealing , single complimentary DNA strands stick tightly and reform double stranded DNA

MCAT (19 decks)

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