Biochem 3: Integration Of Metabolism Flashcards
Overweight BMI is defined as a BMI of ____
Greater than 25
Obesity is defined as having a BMI of_______
Greater than 30
T/F
Obesity is a risk factor for diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, cancer and neruodegeneratvie disorders
True
What are two short term signals form the GI tract to induce satiety?
- CCK (cholecystokinin)
2. GLP-1
What family does CCK belong to?
Peptide hormones secreted into blood by cells in the duodenum and jejunum regions of the small intestine
How are CCK secreted into the blood?
Via a postprandial signal
What is CCk’s receptor?
G-protein-coupled receptor located in various peripheral neurons
T/F
CCK also helps in digestion, stimulating secretion of pancreatic enzymes and bile salts from gallbladder?
True
What is GLP-1?
Peptide hormone
How is GLP-1 secreted?
By intestinal L cells in GI tract
What is GLP-1’s receptor?
G-protein-coupled receptor
What does GLIP-1 do?
Potentiates glucose induced insulin secretion by beta cells of pancreas and inhibits glucagon secretion
This peptide is short term and secreted by the stomach. It acts on regions of the hypothalamus to stimulate appetite through its receptor?
Ghrelin
T/F
Ghrelin secretion increases before a meal and decreases afterward
True
What are two long term control over caloric homeostasis?
- Leptin
2. Insulin
Secreted by adipocytes (reports on the status of the triacylglycerol stores)
Leptin
Secreted by beta cells of pancreas (reports on the status of blood glucose)
Insulin
What are the secrete signal molecules for Leptin called?
Adipokines ( Leptin, adiponectin)
How much Leptin is secreted?
Directly proportional to amount of fat
This increases the sensitivity of muscle and liver to insulin, stimulates beta oxidation of fatty acids and decreases triacylglycerol synthesis
Leptin
In the brain, Leptin binds to ________
Accurate nucleus of hypothalamus
What neurons active appetite?
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) Agouti-related peptide (AgRP)
This hormone represses the desire to eat by preventing the release of NPY & AgRP
Leptin
What is defined as the cellular energy sensor?
AMPK
What two hormones use AMPK
Leptin and adiponectin
When ATP is high, AMPK is ________
Inactive
T/F
Insulin deficiency or resistance can lead to hyperglycemia, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes
True
What is the insulting receptor?
Tyrosine kinase receptor
- PI3k & IRS1 bind to convert pip2 into pip3
- Pip3 phosphorylated kinases AKt (PKB)
What transporter does akt bring to the surface and what does it inhibit?
GLUT4
Inhibits glycogen synthase
What are 3 ways to control the insulin signal?
- Dephosphoylyate the tyrosine phosphatase IB
- PTEN, dephosphoylates PIP3
- IRS phosphorylated by ser/the kinases.
What do SOCS do?
Interact with insulin receptor and IRS 1 and facilitate their proteolytic degradation by the proteasome complex
Glucose is over produced by the liver and underutilized by other organs
Diabetes mellitus
What is the most common metabolic disease in the world?
Type 2 diabetes
A cluster of pathologies (insulin resistance ,hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia) that proceeds type 2 diabetes. What is it?
Metabolic syndrome
What tissues accumulates fat once the storage capacity is reached?
Liver and muscles
