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Biochemistry > Biochem Exam 2: Membranes & Membrane Transport > Flashcards

Biochem Exam 2: Membranes & Membrane Transport Flashcards

1
Q

Biological membranes consist of these three things

A

Lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates

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2
Q

A common feature of biological membranes is that it __________________ organelles

A

Comparmentalizes

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3
Q

What type of bonding do lipids have?

A

Hydrophobic, electrostatic, & vander waals forces

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4
Q

Membranes are symmetrical, true or false

A

False; membranes are asymmetric

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5
Q

What are the primary components of the biological membrane?

A

Phospholipids

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6
Q

Carbohydrate molecules are ____________ attached to some membrane lipids or proteins

A

Covalently

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7
Q

Location of membrane lipid: sphingomyelin

A

Outer sheet

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8
Q

Location of membrane lipid: phosphatidylserine

A

Inner sheet

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9
Q

Location of membrane lipid: phosphatidylcholine

A

Outer

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10
Q

Location of membrane lipid: phosphatidylinositol

A

Inner

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11
Q

Location of membrane lipid: glycolipids

A

Outer

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12
Q

Location of membrane lipid: phosphatidylethanolamine

A

Inner

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13
Q

Why is the lipid bilayer favored over Micelle?

A

Micelle can only fit one fatty acid tail, and proteins wont fit into its structure

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14
Q

Formation of lipid bilayer is and why:
A. Spontaneous
B. Nonspontaneous

A

Spontaneous (self assembly)

Majoritively due to hydrophobic interactions

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15
Q

Lipid bilayers have very low permeability for ions and most polar molecules; true or false

A

True

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16
Q

How is a liposome created?

A

By suspending a phosphatidylcholine and sonicating to give a dispersion of closed uniformly sized vesicles

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17
Q

What are some therapeutic applications of liposomes?

A

Can contain DNA,RNA,peptides,& antibodies
Reduces toxicity
Very targeted

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18
Q

What does sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis show? (SDS/PAGE)

A

Proteins via their weight
Heavier proteins migrate slower
Lighter proteins migrate quicker

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19
Q 
This protein type:
Spans the lipid bilayer
Interacts extensively with hydrocarbons
And is released via detergents
What classification of membrane proteins is this?
A

Integral

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20
Q

This membrane protein classification requires we completely break the membrane to get the protein out; we have to use detergents. What membrane protein classification is it?

A

Integral

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21
Q

This classification of membrane protein:

  • Is bound to he membranes primarily by electrostatic and hydrogen bond interactions
  • is released from the membrane by adding salt or changing pH
A

Peripheral membrane proteins

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22
Q

Which classification of membrane proteins dissociate from membrane by salt or changing pH

A

Peripheral proteins

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23
Q

Bacteriorhodopsin has what type of helix and what is it know for?

A

Alpha helices, membrane spanning alpha helices with most of being formed by nonpolar amino acids

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24
Q

A protein made mostly of nonpolar amino acids would be found where in the membrane?

A

In the hydrophobic area of the membrane

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25
Q

Porin is made mostly of what type of strand?

A

Beta
Each beta strand hydrogen bonds to the next in an antiparellel forming a single sheet that curls to form a cylinder/ pore or channel

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26
Q

Equal mixing of hydrophobic and hydrophilic amino acids can indicate ____________

A

Beta sheet formation

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27
Q

Cyclooxygenase (COX1); what does it do and what type of protein is it?

A

Covert sarachidonic acid to prostaglandin H2
Integral protein that bind to luminal leaflet of ER
Made primarily of alpha helices
NOT a membrane spanning protein
Can be removed using salt or ph change
Works to create inflammation

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28
Q

How does COX1 channel work to block pain?

A

Aspirin acetylates the serine, blocking the channel, changing to prostaglandin which blocks pain

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29
Q

Lipid-linked protein Palmitoylation

A

Palmitate acid is attached to cysteine by alpha thioester bond

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30
Q

Lipid linked protein: Farnesylaaiton

A

Farnesylatic acid is attached to a cysteine at the C-terminus

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31
Q

Lipid-linked protein: Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)

A

GPI linked to carboxyl not cysteine in membrane

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32
Q

What was FRAP (fluorescence recovery After Photo-bleaching) used for?

A

To study lateral diffusion

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33
Q

What are the three factors that influence membrane fluidity?

A

Temperature
Lipid composition
Cholesterol

34
Q

How does cholesterol affect membrane fluidity?

A

It can either increase or decrease membrane fluidity

35
Q

What are transport proteins referred to as?

A

Polytopic transmembrane integral membrane proteins

36
Q

Na is higher inside or outside the cell?

A

Outside

37
Q

Potassium is higher inside or outside the cell?

A

Inside

38
Q

Calcium is higher inside or outside the cell?

A

Outside (1 to 0.0001)

39
Q

Chloride is higher inside or outside the cell?

A

Outside

40
Q

What type of molecules use Simple diffusion

A

Small, non-polar, uncharged diffuse freely

41
Q

What type of molecules use facilitated diffusion?

A

Large and charged

42
Q 
If there is positive free energy then what process is being used?
Passive transport
Facilitated diffusion
Diffusion
Active transport
A

Active transport

43
Q

How is active transport mediated?

A

Integral membrane proteins

44
Q

How does primary active transport differ from secondary active transport?

A

Primary used ATP directly

45
Q

How does secondary activity transport differ from primary active transport?

A

Secondary used energy stored in a concentration gradient coupled to primary transport system

46
Q

What are P-type ATPases?

A

ATP hydrolyzed, protein gets phosphorylated

47
Q

List the different types of P type ATPases

A

Na K ATPase
Plasma Membrane Ca-ATPase (PMCA)
Sarcoplasmic reticulum CA-ATPase (SERCA)
H K ATPase

48
Q

What do ATP binding Cassette transporter do?

A

ATP hydrolyzed, but ported does not get phosphorylation

49
Q

List types of ATP binding Cassette Transporters

A

MDR, P-glycoproteins

50
Q

During p-ATPase the transporter forms a covalent bond with the phosphate to form an enzyme-phosphate intermediate; true or false?

A

TRUE

51
Q

How many molecules of Na per K are pumped?

A

3 Na/ 2 K

52
Q

What does the Na/K pump drive?

A

Active transport of sugars and amino acids

53
Q

________% of brain ATP used by the NA pump

A

25-40%

54
Q

Digitoxigenin and ouabain is used to do what concerning active transport?

A

Inhibit na pumps
Cardio tonic steroid
Used to treat congestive heart failure

55
Q

Digoxin and ouabain act as cardio tonic which means

A

They are Contraction inducing

56
Q

Digoxin inhibits what pump, which leads to what?

A

Na/ K ATPase

Lead to increase in intracellular sodium, secondary leads to increase in Ca due to slowing of the NCX

57
Q

What transport am I describing?
Transports calicium from cytosol to extracellular side
Maintains 10,000 fold gradient across its membrane
Protein with 10 transmembrane domains
Uses ATP to pump calcium against its gradient
Stimulated by calcium binding protein calmodulin (CaM)

A

PMCA

58
Q 
What transport pump am I describing?
10 transmembrane domains
Lacks the c terminal CaM binding domain
Transports calcium from cytosol to ER
Uses ATP
Plays role in relaxation of contracted muscle
A

SERCA

59
Q

ABC transporters, what are they?

A

Active transports that use ATP but do not phosphorylate

Human genome has 150

60
Q

Example of symporter?

A

Lactose permeate

61
Q

Example of uniporter?

A

Mitochondrial calcium transporter

62
Q

Na Ca pump is known as what type of pump and functions to maintain what concentrations?

A

Secondary active pump
Calcium low intracellular
Imports 3 NA into cell & exports 1 Ca against gradient

63
Q

What type of membrane transport am I describing?
Integral,polytopic membran protein
Over 400 genes code for it
Facilitated passive transport
1000x faster than pump
Highly selective and specific
Responds to physical and chemical changes
Opening and closing Shapes the membrane potential

A

Ion channel

64
Q

3 types of ion channels?

A

Voltage-gate
Chemically gate
Mechanically gated

65
Q

Responds to ligands such as neurotransmitters

A

Chemically gated

66
Q

Responds to change in membrane potential

A

Voltage gated

67
Q

Responds to mechanical stimuli, detects vibration, pressure, stretch, tough, sounds, tastes, smell, heat, volume, and vision

A

Mechanically gated

68
Q

S1-S4 in a potassium channel function as?

A

Voltage sensors

69
Q

S5-S6 in potassium channels function as?

A

Pore

70
Q

How does the ion channel regulate its molecule it moves?

A

Selectivity filter

Carboxyl with potassium

71
Q

Properties of alkali ions

A

Smaller radius higher hydration free energy

72
Q

Mechanisms of rapid rate transport works how?

A

Due to repulsion of like charges

73
Q

What channels are voltage gated?

A

Sodium and potassium

74
Q

How are voltage gated ion channels inactivated?

A

Ball and chain model

75
Q

Acetylcholine receptor are located on what side of the synapse?

A

Post synaptic

76
Q

How many subunits makes up acetylcholine receptor?

A

5 subunits

77
Q

What can pass through a gap juntion?

A

Small hydrophilic molecules and ions(sugars, amino acids, and nucleotides can pass through)

78
Q

What can NOT pass through a gap junction?

A

Proteins, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids

79
Q

What is the structure of a GAP junction?

A

12 molecules of connexin make the channel
Six connexin make half the channel called connexon
2 connexon form a functional channel

80
Q

Why are gap junctions important

A

Bones, lens, heart, and labor

81
Q

Where are aquaporins found?

A

RBC, kidney, cornea

Have 6 transmembrane alpha helixal domains

Biochemistry (9 decks)

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