BIO5 Flashcards

BIO5

1
Q

Do all niches on the planet harbor microorganisms?

A

Yes, microorganisms are found in virtually all environments.

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2
Q

Name three groups of microorganisms.

A

Bacteria, archaea, and fungi.

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3
Q

How do bacteria proliferate?

A

Bacteria reproduce through binary division.

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4
Q

How is bacterial growth rate calculated?

A

Growth rate is calculated by measuring population doubling time.

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5
Q

What do bacteria and archaea have in common (compared to eukaryotes)?

A

Both lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

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6
Q

How can CO2 absorption of the ocean be facilitated?

A

Through phytoplankton growth, which absorbs CO2.

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7
Q

What are some adverse effects of microorganisms?

A

Some microorganisms cause disease, spoil food, or corrode materials.

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8
Q

Name some biotechnological uses of microorganisms.

A

Used in waste treatment, bioremediation, and biofuel production.

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9
Q

What is meant by synthetic biology?

A

Engineering microorganisms to perform new or improved functions.

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10
Q

How can one determine the abundance of microorganisms in a niche?

A

Using microscopy, culture methods, or molecular techniques.

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11
Q

How can one determine the functions of microorganisms in a niche?

A

By analyzing microbial DNA or enzyme activity in the niche.

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12
Q

How do bacteria evolve so rapidly?

A

Through high mutation rates and horizontal gene transfer.

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13
Q

What is the advantage of heterogeneity in a microbial population?

A

Increases adaptability and survival in changing conditions.

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14
Q

Why can rRNA gene be used as a phylogenetic marker for all life?

A

It is highly conserved across different species.

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15
Q

Name one disadvantage and one advantage of bacterial biofilms.

A

Disadvantage: resistance to treatment; Advantage: surface protection.

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16
Q

Why do bacteria become antibiotic-resistant?

A

Due to mutations and misuse of antibiotics.

17
Q

How and where can new antibiotics be discovered?

A

In natural environments like soil, oceans, and unstudied ecosystems.