BIO4 Flashcards

BIO4

1
Q

How do viruses extend the central dogma of molecular biology?

A

Viruses can reverse transcribe RNA into DNA, extending DNA->RNA->Protein flow.

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2
Q

What is the difference between the lytic and lysogenic cycles of viruses?

A

Lytic cycle destroys host cells; lysogenic cycle integrates viral DNA into host genome.

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3
Q

What characterizes a retrovirus?

A

Retroviruses use reverse transcription to integrate into host DNA.

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4
Q

How can sequence alignments be used to construct phylogenetic trees?

A

Alignments reveal similarities and help infer evolutionary relationships.

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5
Q

What is the evidence that all life on Earth descends from a common ancestor, LUCA?

A

Shared molecular features across species support LUCA’s existence.

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6
Q

What are the conditions for evolution in biology?

A

Variation, inheritance, selection, and time allow evolution.

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7
Q

What is an allele? What is the gene pool?

A

An allele is a gene variant; the gene pool is all alleles in a population.

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8
Q

How can genetic diversity in a population be increased?

A

Through mutations, recombination, and migration.

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9
Q

What are examples of mutagens?

A

Examples include UV radiation and chemical exposure.

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10
Q

How can mutations lead to changes in gene expression?

A

Mutations can alter gene regulation or protein structure.

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11
Q

Why can gene duplication be useful for evolution?

A

Duplication provides extra genes that can evolve new functions.

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12
Q

What is horizontal gene transfer?

A

Horizontal gene transfer allows gene sharing across organism, species - not parent/offspring.

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13
Q

What is a genome-wide association study?

A

Associates genetic variants with traits to study diseases.

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14
Q

What is adaptive laboratory evolution and what is it useful for?

A

Selectively evolving organisms for desired traits in lab settings.

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15
Q

What is convergent evolution?

A

Different species evolve similar traits due to similar pressures.

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16
Q

How have humans shaped biomass distribution on Earth?

A

Humans impact distribution through agriculture and urbanization.

17
Q

What is a gene drive and what can it be used for?

A

A gene drive spreads a trait through populations quickly.

18
Q

What is the ecological justification for de-extinction of the Tasmanian tiger?

A

Restoring ecosystems by reintroducing a key species.

19
Q

Why can’t an extinct animal be recreated solely based on its DNA?

A

DNA alone lacks epigenetic and environmental context.

20
Q

What are problems from excess nitrogen in the biosphere?

A

Excess nitrogen disrupts ecosystems and causes water pollution.

21
Q

What problem results from methane production in agriculture?

A

Methane contributes to greenhouse gas emissions.

22
Q

What is the difference between genetic engineering and breeding?

A

Genetic engineering directly alters DNA; breeding selects traits.