Bio1.8-2.9

Question 1

dichotomous key（best keys are based on–)

Answer 1

二分检索表; scientific observations and thoughtful questions

Question 2

viruses-bacteria
-the bodies–, –and–

Answer 2

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invade the bodies of living organisms, cause diseases, and turn them into virus-making factories

Question 3

Viruses all have a– and contain–.

Answer 3

protein coat on the outside; genetic material

Question 4

Well-known human diseases caused by viruses include-,-,-&-

Answer 4

colds, influenza, measles, COVID-19

Question 5

Viruses are not living organisms (2):
1. Cannot—on their own
2. Some can—

Answer 5

carry out any of the characteristics of a living organism
survive for years stored in an airtight container

Question 6

A parasite is an organism–; this organism is called the-. The parasite–from its host.

Answer 6

which lives in/or another organism; host; gets what it needs

Question 7

Viruses are living organisms (2):
1. They are — alongside other living organisms.
2. They are –.

Answer 7

found everywhere in the living world
perfect parasites

Question 8

Classification allows us to measure-: the - of –.

Answer 8

biodiversity; variety; living organisms

Question 9

Scientists compare – from different organisms to see if –. It means that we can identify – without –.

Answer 9

genetic material; they are the same species; different species; trying to breed them

Question 10

Modern methods of classification help us to — and allows us to — without trying to breed them.

Answer 10

measure biodiversity; identify species more accurately

Question 11

Classification is important bc…(4)

Answer 11

lets us know how many different types of living organisms there are
lets scientists around the world know which organisms they are discussing
helps us to measure biodiversity
allows us to identify species

Question 12

Cells are — and carry out —.

Answer 12

the building blocks of living organisms; all the characteristics of life.

Question 13

Most microorganisms are unicellular, but large -&- have - of cells.

Answer 13

plants; animals; billion

Question 14

Average human cell: —

Answer 14

20-30 microns (µm)/ micrometres

Question 15

Biggest single cells=–

Answer 15

bird eggs

Question 16

A microscope (1.-; magnify - times
2. -; magnify - times) uses - & - to magnify - so we can see very small objects such as -.

Answer 16

light microscope; 1000; electron microscope; 1 million; light; lenses; specimens; cells

Question 17

In a - of a cell you can find the genetic material (=-).
Each human has – of -. (- DNA)

Answer 17

nucleus; DNA; 23 pairs; chromosomes; 46

Question 18

Cells were first seen in Europe in - by–.

Answer 18

1665; Robert Hooke

Question 19

Average person contains about — cells.
Average diameter of an animal cell (shape:–)=
Average diameter of a plant cell(shape:–)=

Answer 19

30-40 trillion
comes in different shapes and sizes; 10-30 µm
almost always regular brick shapes
10-100 µm

Question 20

Nucleus=-(a set of plans for making new cells)–

Answer 20

contains the genes, controls the activities in the cell

Question 21

Cell membrane=—

Answer 21

controls what enters and leaves the cell

Question 22

Chloroplast=— (contains—)

Answer 22

packets of green colour that absorb light so the plant cell can photosynthesise (green coloured chlorophyll)

Question 23

Cytoplasm=-

Answer 23

jelly-like substance where many of the chemical reactions in the cell take place

Question 24

Mitochondria (mitochondrion=-) =- & -

Answer 24

singular; where respiration takes place; provide energy for all the chemical reactions taking place in the cell

Question 25

Plants' extra features: -,-,- All plant cells have a - & -. In the parts of plants that ---, the cells also contain --.

Answer 25

cell wall, chloroplasts, vacuole; cell wall; vacuole; grow in the light; green chloroplasts

Question 26

cell wall=-

Answer 26

tough outer layer which gives the plant cell its shape & strength

Question 27

vacuole=-(stores-&-)

Answer 27

membrane-lined space filled with cell sap (nutrients; water) that pushes against the cell wall, keeping the plant cell firm & supporting the plant

Question 28

to synthesis lipids

Answer 28

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 29

process protein

Answer 29

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 30

produce protein

Answer 30

ribosomes

Question 31

How to use a microscope: 1. --- to its lowest position 2. Put the object you want to look at --.-- 3. Choose the -- with the - magnification and move it --. 4. Look through the - and turn the --- slowly until the object comes into focus. 5. Once the object is in focus, turn --- slightly to see if it makes the image even -. 6. Draw you observations. Record magnification. 7. To see in more detail, repeat steps 1-6 using an ---.

Answer 31

Move the stage of the microscope on the stage; Keep it in place using the clips objective lens; lowest; into position eyepiece; coarse focus knob/ coarse adjustment knob fine focus knob; sharper objective lens with a higher magnification

Question 32

A microscope allows you to observe & identify ---, and the ---.

Answer 32

different types of cells; structures inside cells

Question 33

total magnification = - x -

Answer 33

eyepiece lens m; objective lens m

Question 34

-,-&- are examples of specialised animal cells

Answer 34

Red blood cells; neurones, ciliated cells

Question 35

Blood is a -- called -. Most of its cells, the - cells and more than - of the cells in your body are ---.

Answer 35

yellow liquid; plasma; smallest; half; red blood cells

Question 36

Many cells are -, so --- (aka--) to -, which makes the cells easier to see.

Answer 36

colourless; Biologists often add stains; coloured dyes; to specimens

Question 37

Specialised cells have - which relate -- in a - organism.

Answer 37

features; to their functions; multicellular

Question 38

red blood cells=contains ---

Answer 38

haemoglobin to transport oxygen around the body

Question 39

binds with a mineral salts to make a rigid solid

Answer 39

bone cell

Question 40

red blood cells' four features: 1. 2. 3. (--, but ---) 4.- have a dimple on both sides.---

Answer 40

filled with haemoglobin, a red substance with carries oxygen & gives them their colour small and flexible do not have a nucleus; don't live very long; makes more space for more haemoglobin the carry oxygen biconcave; gives them a bigger surface area to pick up more oxygen

Question 41

nerve cells (aka -) are specialised cells that carry --- around your body in -- of the cell called -.

Answer 41

neurones; electrical messages; long extensions; axons

Question 42

Some neurones -- with information about the world to your -. Others -- from your brain to other parts of your body.

Answer 42

carry messages; brain; carry instructions

Question 43

neurones' three features: 1. --- (- can be - or longer) 2. have -; to - to other neurones 3. have --- so electrical messages travel -.

Answer 43

are long, to carry messages around the body; axons; 1 m axons; connect insulation around them; faster

Question 44

- cells are sepcialised cells covered with -,-- which beat to cause movement. They are found in many places in --.

Answer 44

Ciliated; tiny; hair-like cilia; animal bodies

Question 45

ciliated cells' two features: 1. have - which --- 2. have --- to make the cilia move

Answer 45

cilia beat to cause movement many mitochondria to supply the energy needed to make

Question 46

cilia cells can be found in your - to move -,- & - away from your -.

Answer 46

airways; dust; mucus; bacteria; lungs

Question 47

The leaves of a plant are food factories, -&-- to make -.

Answer 47

catching; using light energy; sugars

Question 48

palisade cells' three features: 1. are found only in ---, to get --- 2. are --:--- to catch ---. 3. have a ---

Answer 48

the top parts of a leaf; as much as much sunlight as possible brick shaped; they pack closely together; as much sunlight as possible large number of chloroplasts

Question 49

root hair cells' three features: 1. have --- giving the root a ---. 2. found on the - (---) -- in the soil 3. have a ---, that helps --- into the root. Close to the--which--to all the other cells.

Answer 49

long microscopic hairs; big surface area; outside (close to the growing tips) layer of the root large vacuole full of cell sap; to move water from the soil transport system of the plant; carries water

Question 50

root hair cells are close to --- which -- to all the other cells

Answer 50

transport system of the plant; carries water

Question 51

-&- are examples of specialised plant cells

Answer 51

Palisade; root hair cells

Question 52

Levels of organisation: - to - to - to - to -

Answer 52

cells; tissues; organs; organ systems; whole organisms

Question 53

tissues=--- to carry out a particular function

Answer 53

made up of specialised cells of the same type working together

Question 54

organs=--- to carry out a particular function

Answer 54

made up of several different tissues working together

Question 55

organ systems=--- working together to carry out a particular function

Answer 55

made up of several different organs

Question 56

whole organisms=---working together

Answer 56

made up of many different organs & organ systems

Question 57

Digestive system: 1. 2. 3.

Answer 57

digests the food you eat; absorbs nutrients from the digested food into the blood; removes undigested waste

Question 58

circulatory system (-,-,-): ---

Answer 58

heart; blood vessels; blood; transports materials all around the body

Question 59

reproductive system: produces ---

Answer 59

new human beings

Question 60

3 main organ systems of plants: -- (aka-) makes- -- (2 functions:---&---) -- (part of the year)

Answer 60

shoot system; photosynthetic system; food root system; anchors the plant in the soil so it does not fall over; takes in water & minerals reproductive system

Question 61

Plant organs:-,-,-,-

Answer 61

leaves; stems; roots; flowers

Question 62

Plant tissues:-(aka-),-,-

Answer 62

palisade tissue (photosynthetic tissue); xylem; phloem