BIO004 - Module 2 Flashcards
Basic unit of life
Cell
Basic units of all living organisms, and composes all tissues and organs, each performing specialized functions in organized partnership
Cell
A unicellular organism that does not have a distinct nucleus with a membrane and does not have other specialized organelles
Prokaryote
An organism consisting of a cell/s which have a nucleus enclosed within membranes, and also contains membrane-bound organelles
Eukaryote
Can be either unicellular (ex. Protozoans) or multicellular (all other life-forms, including man)
Eukaryote
Both ____ and ____ contain DNA, use the same genetic code, and synthesize proteins.
prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Parts of the animal cell
-Plasma membrane
-Cytoplasm
-Nucleus
-Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
-Ribosomes
-Golgi complex/apparatus
-Lysosomes
-Mitochondria
-Cilia/Flagella
A selectively permeable membrane enclosing the cell
Plasma membrane
It is made by a Phospholipid bilayer
Plasma membrane
2 layers of phospholipid molecules
-hydrophilic (water-soluble)
-hydrophobic (fat-soluble)
A term for all the contents inside a cell other than the nucleus. It contains mostly water.
Cytoplasm
The most prominent organelle which contains of linear chromosomes suspended in a
solution called the nucleoplasm
Nucleus
Chromosomal DNA carries the genetic information.
Nucleus
specialized parts of certain chromosomes that carry
multiple copies of the DNA information used to synthesized RNA, which will later be
used to synthesized proteins
Nucleolus
double-layer membrane enclosing the nucleus and contains
pores to allow molecules to move between nucleus and cytoplasm
Nuclear Envelope
network of membranes throughout the cytoplasm of the cell, which is continues with
the nuclear envelope
Endoplasmic Reticulum
where most protein synthesis occurs in
the cell
Rough ER (RER)
synthesizes lipids and phospholipids in
the cell and detoxifies the cell of harmful substances
Smooth ER (SER)
Necessary for protein synthesis. Made of 2 small subunits and is numerous across the
cytoplasm and attached on the endoplasmic reticulum.
Ribosomes
composed of a stack of membranous vesicles that function in storage, modification,
and packaging of polypeptide and protein products produce by the rough ER
Golgi complex/apparatus
Used to be an extension of the nuclear enveloped and used to be part of the
endoplasmic reticulum before detaching.
Golgi complex/apparatus
they contain enzymes that are involved in the
breakdown of foreign material,
Lysosomes
Break down injured or diseased cells or worn-out cellular components
autophagy
If enough of the lysosome membranes rupture, they can kill the cell itself
apoptosis
they contain enzymes that catalyse the energy-yielding
steps to produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
Mitochondria
the most important energy-transfer
molecule of all cells
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
motile extensions of the cell surface that sweep materials past the cell
Cilia/Flagella
4 types of tissues in an animal body
-Epithelial Tissues
-Muscular Tissue
-Connective Tissue
-Nervous Tissue
Made up of layers of tightly packed cells that line the surface of the body, organs,
blood vessels, respiratory system, and all body cavities
Epithelial Tissue
They are mainly for
protection, secretion, and absorption
Epithelial Tissue
a sheet of cells (epithelial cells) that covers an external or internal
surface
Epithelium
Made up of cells containing contractile filaments (muscle fibers) which can lengthen
or shorten
Muscular Tissue
3 types of muscular tissue
-Smooth Muscle
-Skeletal Muscle
-Cardiac Muscle
Found in the walls of internal organs like stomach and
intestine. The contractions are involuntary.
Smooth Muscle
Attached to bone and is the most common type. The
contractions are voluntary.
Skeletal Muscle
Found only in the walls of the heart and is responsible for
pumping blood. It has more mitochondria compared to other muscle cells to
provide constant energy. The contractions are involuntary.
Cardiac Muscle
Made up of relatively few fibrous cells, which are separated by an extracellular matrix. They are responsible in holding other tissues together or provide a framework.
Connective Tissue
Made up of nerve cells called neurons that together form the nervous system.
Nervous Tissue
Barrier to the outside environment; helps in temperature control and
production of vitamin D from sunlight
Integumentary System
The framework of the body, for support and locomotion; also protects the
internal organs and stores minerals like calcium and phosphorus
Skeletal System
For locomotion and heat production; also stores protein
Muscular System
Coordinates activities of other organ systems; also includes the sense organs
Nervous System
Transports oxygen and nutrients to tissues, removes
waste products, and deliver immune cells
Cardiovascular/Circulatory System
Returns tissue fluid to circulatory system and also carries and maintains
immune cells.
Lymphatic System
for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Respiratory System
Processes foods and absorbs nutrients into the body
Digestive System
Eliminates wastes and regulates pH and blood volume
Urinary/Excretory System
Produces the germ cells (ova and sperm); in females, provides an
environment for growth of fetus or production of eggs.
Reproductive System
group of cells in an embryo that interact with each other as the embryo develops
and will later contribute to the formation of all organs and tissues (differentiation of cells)
Germ Layer
3 Germ Layers
-Ectoderm
-Endoderm
-Mesoderm
the outer layer of cells that will later form the outer components of the body (skin,
hair, nervous system)
Ectoderm
the innermost layer of cells that will later form the linings of the digestive and
respiratory system
Endoderm
the middle layer of cells that develop later as a result of the reaction between the
ectoderm and endoderm
Mesoderm
They later form connective tissues like bones and muscles (including the smooth muscular walls of the digestive tract), the heart and blood vessels, as well as the
organs of the reproductive and urinary system.
Mesoderm
Those animals with only 2 germ laters (Ectoderm and
Endoderm only) are called
Diploblastic
Animals with all three germ layers are called
Triploblastic
Forms the exoskeleton
Ectoderm
Develops into organs
Mesoderm
Forms the inner lining of organs
Endoderm
