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Bio unit test Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the order in the organization (hierarchy) of life?

A

Organelles - Cells - Tissues - Organs - Systems

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2
Q

In simple terms what does the musculoskeletal system do?

A

The musculoskeletal system supports the body and makes movement possible.

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3
Q

In simple terms what does the respiratory system do?

A

The respiratory system takes oxygen from the air and removes Carbon dioxide from the body.

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4
Q

In simple terms what does the circulatory system do?

A

The circulatory system transports substances around the body.

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5
Q

In simple terms what does the nervous system do?

A

The nervous system sends messages around the body.

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6
Q

In simple terms what does the digestive system do?

A

The digestive system breaks down the food you eat and makes it available to the body.

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7
Q

What are the 4 tissue types in humans?

A

Epithelial, Connective, muscle and nerve

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8
Q

Epithelial tissue description.

A

A thin sheet of tightly packed cells that covers body surfaces and lines internal organs and body cavities.

– outer and inner lining of the organs.

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9
Q

Connective tissue description.

A

A specialized tissue that provides support and protection for various parts of the body.

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10
Q

Muscle tissue description.

A

A group of specialized tissues containing proteins that can contract and enable the body to move

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11
Q

Nerve tissue description.

A

Specialized tissue that conducts electrical signals from one part of the body to another.

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12
Q

Epithelial tissue function.

A

Protection from dehydration. Low-friction surfaces

The organs are close together so this lining stops them from rubbing. Goblet cells are epithelial (produced mucus)

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13
Q

Connective tissue function.

A

Support and insulation

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14
Q

Muscle tissue function

A

Movement

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15
Q

Nerve tissue function.

A

Sensing, communication within the body. coordinating body

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16
Q

Epithelial tissue examples

A

Skin, lining of the digestive system

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17
Q

Connective tissue examples

A

Bone, tendons, blood

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18
Q

Muscle tissue examples

A

Heart muscles, Muscles that make bone move, muscles surrounding digestive tract

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19
Q

Nerve tissue examples

A

Brain, nerves in organs

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20
Q

What is the circulatory system made up of?

A

blood, the heart and blood vessels

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21
Q

What are the Circ. Systems functions?

A
  • To transport substances around the body.
    • Moves absorbed nutrients from small intestines to all the body’s cells
    • Carries wastes from body cells for disposal (e.g/ to the kidneys to be released through urine)
    • Moves disease-fighting white blood cells to areas of the body where viruses/bacteria are
    • Carries oxygen from the lungs
  • Regulation of body temp.
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22
Q

What are the 4 components of blood?

A
  1. Red blood cells
  2. White blood cells
  3. Platelets
  4. Plasma
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23
Q

What are red blood cells and what do they do?

A
  • Make up 45% of blood’s volume
  • Contain hemoglobin (oxygen-carrying molecule)
  • Hemoglobin is what makes blood red

At the center of the hemoglobin there is an iron molecule. If you don’t have enough iron you don’t have enough hemoglobin which means there isn’t enough oxygen being carried around.

DO not have a nucleus, not having it is more space for hemoglobin, oxygen. Can’t undergo mitosis. In early stages they do have a nucleus.

-look like an inner tube and are made in the bone marrow

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24
Q

What are white blood cells and what do they do?

A
  • <1% of blood’s volume
  • only blood cells with a nucleus
  • Infection-fighting cells
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25
Q

What are platelets and what do they do?

A
  • <1% of blood volume

- Tiny fragments of cells that are involved in blood clotting (little shards)

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26
Q

What is bruising?

A

Bruising is blood clot, when an artery breaks, it’s the escaped cells near the surface where they die and we can see. Veins or capillaries (tiny blood vessels break)

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27
Q

What is plasma and what does it do?

A
  • 55% of bloods volume

- Protein-rick fluid that carries blood cells along

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28
Q

What do the different types of tissue do in the heart?

A

Cardiac muscle tissue

  • unique to the heart
  • unconscious movement

Nerve tissue
-Regulates heart beat

Connective tissue
-support

Epithelial tissue

  • Covers muscles and nerves
  • Reduces friction and protects heart from damage when lungs expand and contract
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29
Q

Why is the heart divided in two halves?

A

-this prevents oxygenated blood from mixing with deoxygenated blood.

Deoxygenated blood is going back to the lungs and the oxygenated blood is coming from the lungs. If they mix the blood would be diluted.

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30
Q

Which side of the heart carries what?

A

The left side always carries oxygenated blood and the right side always carries deoxygenated blood.

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31
Q

What are the 3 types of blood vessels?

A
  1. Arteries
  2. Veins
  3. Capillaries
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32
Q

What is an artery?

A

Arteries are thick walled-blood vessels that carry blood AWAY from the heart (the thick wall is muscle)

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33
Q

What do arteries usually carry?

A

They usually carry blood that is rich in O2

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34
Q

What is the structure of arteries?

A
  • Consists of 2 layers to accommodate high pressure
    • made up of smooth muscle cells and elastic fibres (connective tissue) that make the walls tough, yet flexible.

Artery: outer layer = epithelial, muscle gives it structure, connective, attaches it.

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35
Q

What is a vein?

A
  • Thin-walled (less muscle)

- Blood vessels that RETURN blood to the heart

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36
Q

What do veins usually carry?

A

They usually carry blood that is rich in CO2

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37
Q

What is a capillary?

A

A capillary is a thin-walled blood vessel that enables the exchange of gasses (O2 and CO2), nutrients and wastes between the blood and body tissues (cells)

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38
Q

What is joined by capillaries?

A

Arteries and veins are joined by capillaries.

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39
Q

What parts of the body are supplied by capillary networks?

A

Every part of the body is supplied by a capillary network.

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40
Q

What are the 4 overall functions of the digestive system?

A
  1. Taking in food
  2. Breaking down food
  3. Digesting food
  4. Eliminating waste
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41
Q

What is the digestive tract and what does it consist of?

A

It is one long tube with two openings. In humans it consists of

  • mouth
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • Small intestine
  • Large intestine
  • Anus

Accessory organs:

  • liver
  • Gall bladder
  • Pancreas
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42
Q

What are accessory organs and what is there function.

A

Function - Secrete chemicals into digestive tract that help digest food.

They are not part of the tract but help with digestion. (tongue, salivary glands). They all secrete different things that help digest different things. (carbohydrates, proteins, fats)

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43
Q

How does epithelial tissue play a role in the digestive tract?

A
  • The entire tract is lined with epithelial tissues
  • One type is called a Goblet Cell - a cell that secretes mucus
  • The mucus protects digestive tract from digestive enzymes
  • mucus allows materials to pass smoothly along tract
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44
Q

How do the other tissues play a role in the digestive tract?

A
  • Layers of muscle (for movement of food through tract)
  • Connective tissue (for support)
  • Nerve tissue (to communicate with the rest of your body when you are full, hungry etc.
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45
Q

What does the mouth do?

A
  • Begins the breakdown of food in two ways:
  1. Mechanically (teeth and tongue)
  2. Chemically (with the use of enzymes)

Like physical and chemical changes. Chewing it smaller makes a larger SA for the enzymes. Enzymes help break down, the molecules

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46
Q

What is the esophagus?

A
  • Muscular tube that connects the mouth to stomach
  • Muscles are a special tissue called smooth muscle tissue - a type of muscle that contracts and relaxes without conscious effort
  • Movement is controlled by nerve tissue
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47
Q

What happens in the stomach?

A

Mechanical and chemical digestion occurs here.

-stomach is supplied with nerve cells that signal when it is full

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48
Q

What is mechanical digestion?

A
  • Stomach churns and moves food around, breaking it down into smaller pieces (controlled by smooth muscle tissue)
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49
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A
  • Stomach lining cells secrete enzymes and hydrochloric acid which chemically break down food.
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50
Q

Why isn’t the stomach harmed by the extremely acidic HCL in the stomach?

A

The goblet cells secrete mucus which protects the stomach from its own acid. If thee is a break in this lining it is called an ulcer.

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51
Q

What is heartburn and how is it treated?

A

Heartburn is when stomach acid goes into your esophagus. The esophagus isn’t as protected as your stomach. You treat it with a base.

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52
Q

What do small intestines contain?

A
  • Lining has goblet cells (epithelial) that produce mucus
  • Contains capillaries (small blood vessels) that connect the digestive system to the circ. system
  • Contains smooth muscles that contract and relax without conscious thought
  • Inside has tiny bumps that maximize SA and allow food particles to be absorbed by circ. system more efficiently.

Capillaries wrap around the small intestine. .

Capillaries are used for it to diffuse into the blood (food/nutrients)

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53
Q

What happens in the Small intestine?

A

Most of the chemical digestion and all of the absorption (taking from the digestive system and put into the blood) takes place here.

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54
Q

What is the structure of the small intestine?

A

Small in diameter, but very long and highly folded.

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55
Q

What does the large intestine contain?

A
  • Lining has goblet cells (epithelial) that produce mucus.

- Contains smooth muscles that contract and relax without conscious thought

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56
Q

What happens in the large intestine?

A
  • Water is reabsorbed here?
  • Leads to anus

Reabsorbed in the large intestine, and brought into the blood?

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57
Q

What is the structure of the large intestine?

A

Large in diameter but shorter in length.

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58
Q

What is the musculoskeletal system made up of?

A

Bone and skeletal muscles (controllable)

It is made up of the bones in your body and the muscles that make them move.

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59
Q

List the functions of the musculoskeletal system?

A

The bones and muscles work together to provide structure, protection and movement.

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60
Q

What are the 3 types of connective tissue in the musculoskeletal system?

A

Bone tissue, ligaments and cartilage.

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61
Q

Physical description of bones?

A

Bone tissue is hard and dense.

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62
Q

Physical description of ligaments?

A

Tough and elastic

Made up mostly of long fibres of collagen.

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63
Q

Physical description of cartilage?

A

Strong and flexible. Dense but not as hard as bone.

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64
Q

What is the function of bone?

A

Bone protects nerves and cells, structural component, allows us to stand up.

Protects soft internal organs and the brain.

Bones store calcium and other minerals needed by the organism, and some bones contain bone marrow which create red and white blood cells.

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65
Q

What is the function of ligaments?

A

Ligaments hold cones together at the joint.

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66
Q

What is the function of cartilage.

A

It is solid enough to provide, structure, flexible enough it won’t shatter.

Provides a strong, flexible, low-friction support for bones and other tissues. Provides a smooth surface where bones come together, preventing damage to the end of the bones.

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67
Q

What is the physical structure of muscle tissue?

A

Long and thin and have lots of protein (which help them contract)

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68
Q

Why are proteins important in muscle tissue?

A

They are what cause them to contract

The proteins are what makes the muscles contract. when the nerve cells tell them to.

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69
Q

What happens to muscles when they contract?

A

When muscles contract they get shorter and thicker.

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70
Q

What are some examples of voluntary muscle tissue?

A

Biceps, triceps, calves

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71
Q

What are some examples of involuntary muscle tissue (smooth/cardiac)?

A

Intestine, cardiac muscles

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72
Q

What is the difference between a tendon and a ligament.

A

Ligament = bone to bone (joint)

Tendon = Bone to muscle

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73
Q

Why do muscles always work in opposing pairs or groups?

A

They can pull but don’t push. E.g. Biceps pull arm up, triceps lift down. when the one contracts the other relaxes.

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74
Q

In the upper leg give an example of two muscles working together.

A

The hamstring = down (squat), Quads - Up

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75
Q

Why are bone fractures more common among senior citizens compared to young people.

A

Osteoporosis. Their bone tissue isn’t as strong, bones can break easier. You loose elasticity and density as you get older.

Osteoporosis makes the bone brittle and weak.

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76
Q

What does the nervous system consist of?

A

It consists of the brain, the spinal cord and peripheral nerves (side)

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77
Q

What is the function of the nervous system?

A

It is a network of nerves that carry messages around the body, allowing us to interact successfully and safely with our environment.

78
Q

What is a reflex?

A

A reflex is when a signal goes to the spinal cord becasue something hurts and it is a shorter distance.

79
Q

What is the central nervous system?

A

Consists of the brain and spinal cord. Processing center.

80
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system?

A

Relays information about the internal and external environments to the brain.

-Nerves that carry signals between the central nervous system and the body make up the peripheral nervous system.

The PNS is anything outside the CNS that is receiving messages and another that is sending.

81
Q

What do the nervous and circulatory system work with?

A

Nervous and circulatory work with everything in your body.

82
Q

What are the 3 systems that the peripheral nervous system is divided into.

A
  1. Nerves that control the voluntary muscles
  2. Nerves that carry information from the sensory organs, such as the eyes, ears, taste buds, and touch receptors, to the brain (relaying messages)
  3. Nerves that regulate involuntary functions such as breathing, heartbeat and digestion.
83
Q

What is the central nervous system shielded by?

A

To protect is from physical damage, the central nervous system is shielded by bones and/or fluid.

E.g. Skull protects the brain, spinal guards protect the spinal cord, cerebrospinal fluid surrounds the brain and spinal cord from injurt, transports chemicals and removes wasted produces by the brain.

84
Q

What is a concussion?

A

When the brain moves around in the fluid that surrounds it.

85
Q

What is nerve tissue?

A
  • Made up of special cells called neurons

- Found in the brain, spinal cord and nerves. (100 billion neurons in the human brain)

86
Q

What is a neuron?

A

a specialized cell transmitting nerve impulses; a nerve cell.

87
Q

How does the structure of a neuron help it preform its function?

A

Neurons are used for communication.
- Structure enables them to send info around your body by conducting electrical signals (nerve impulses) from one area to another.

Injured neurons in the central nervous system do not easily regenerate.

88
Q

How does calcium play a role in neurons?

A

Osteoclasts takes calcium out of bones. Calcium is required for signal to go from neuron to neuron.

89
Q

What is the respiratory system?

A

It is the system that provides oxygen for the body and allows carbon dioxide to leave the body.

90
Q

What system does the respiratory system work closely with?

A

It works closely with the circulatory system

91
Q

What do the nasal cavity and mouth do?

A

They are the entry points. They don’t breathe in only oxygen. We breathe in nitrogen too but we breathe it right back out.

92
Q

What are the parts of the respiratory system?

A 
Nasal cavity
Mouth
Trachea
Bronchi
Lung
Ciliated epithelial cells
Alveoli
93
Q

What is the trachea made out of?

A

The trachea is made out of cartilage so it can expand and then deflate (only a little). It is also made this way so you can’t break your trachea. You need the muscles to keep it from closing.
The trachea has cartilage rings. (the stripes)

94
Q

What does the esophagus do that the trachea doesn’t?

A

It closes

95
Q

What does the bronchi increase?

A

SA for the air to travel

96
Q

What is around every alveoli?

A

Its own capillary network

97
Q

What is the structure of the respiratory system?

A
  • Air enters through the mouth and nasal cavity
  • travels through trachea
  • trachea separates into bronchi (singular - bronchus)
  • Bronchi lead to small sacs called alveoli that are surrounded by a capillary network
  • These are the sites of gas exchange with the circulatory system
98
Q

What cells line the repiratory system?

A
  • Many of the epithelial cells that line the resp. pathway are goblet cells (produce mucus). In addition, these cells also contain cilia
  • cilia helps move mucus and filter out any materials that may enter the system (bacteria, dust, etc.)

The mucus traps the foreign things and the cilia moves it out.

99
Q

What do goblet cells produce?

A

Mucus

100
Q

What is the trachea supported by?

A

The trachea is supported by rings of cartilage (connective tissue)
-This keeps the trachea open at all times, while still allowing flexibilty

101
Q

What are some examples of things made out of cartilage?

A

Nose and ears

102
Q

Why does the Respiratory system rely on the circ system?

A

The resp. system relies on the circ. sytem to distribute oxygen to the cell and to remove Carbon dioxide.

103
Q

Gas exchange in the respiratory system and cells?

A

Lungs get the oxygen to your blood, which get it to the cells which gets it to the mitochondria. The blood has high CO2 because it has all the cell waste and is coming from the body.

O2 diffuses from alveoli to capillary. CO2 from capillary to alveoli in the lungs. Then it goes to the heart and into the body. In the body O2 diffuses from capillary to cell. CO2 goes from cell to capillary. Then the blood goes through the heart and back to lungs. Alveoli increase SA so more CO2 and O2 can occur.

104
Q

What is an alveoli?

A

any of the many tiny air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.

105
Q

What are some examples of Epithelial tissue in the digestive system?

A

Epithelial tissue and Goblet cells line the digestive tract. The large and small intestine is lined with goblet cells.

106
Q

What are some examples of Epithelial tissue in the respiratory tract?

A

Cilia (and the goblet cells they contain)

107
Q

What are some examples of connective tissue in the circulatory system?

A

Blood

108
Q

What are some examples of connective tissue in the musculoskeletal system?

A

Bones, ligaments and cartilage

109
Q

What are some examples of nerve tissue in the digestive system?

A

the esophagus’s movement is controlled by nerve tissue. Nerves are what control the muscles.

110
Q

What are some examples of muscle tissue in the digestive system?

A

The esophagus has smooth muscle tissue?

111
Q

Examples of muscle tissue in the circulatory system?

A

Cardiac muscle tissue.

112
Q

What is diffusion?

A

When particles move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, until evenly spread out.

113
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The diffusion of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane.

114
Q

Definition of semi-permeable?

A

Allowing some materials in, while keeping other molecules out

115
Q

What is the definition of concentration?

A

The amount of dissolves materials in a liquid solution.

116
Q

Why is diffusion important?

A

All living cells rely on diffusion to survive

  • Getting dissolved nutrients and gases into and out of cells
  • Removing wastes from cells.
117
Q

What happens in osmosis?

A

In osmosis water moves both ways to balance up the concentrations. The overall (net) movement is to the are of low water concentration.

118
Q

Are viruses alive?

A

When you look at Grammic (the characteristics of life) they are not. They can reproduce but not themselves. They have to infect a cell and use their parts to reproduce. They don’t have organelles. They are protein and DNA. They are pathogenic (thrive off hurting you. Viruses are in the grey area because they don’t fit in the definition but they are not dead.

119
Q

What are Eukaryotic cells?

A

Plant and animal cells

120
Q

What are prokaryotic cells?

A

Cells that have a cell wall, Dna and ribosomes but no other organelles. Bacteria cells are an example.

121
Q

Compare vacuoles and vesicles

A

Vacuoles are for storage and vesicles are used for transport.

122
Q

What is the magnification in LP?

A

40x

123
Q

What is the magnification in MP?

A

100x

124
Q

What is the magnification in HP?

A

400x

125
Q

What is the field of view in LP?

A

4mm

126
Q

What is the field of view in MP?

A

1.6mm

127
Q

What is the field of view in HP?

A

0.4mm

128
Q

What is the formula for calculating specimen size?

A

Field of view/n

129
Q

In the specimen size formula what does n represent?

A

N= # of times your specimen fits across your FOV

130
Q

What unit should your answer for SS be in?

A

MM, the equation is mm/? so it is mm

131
Q

What is the equation for diagram magnification?

A

DM= Diagram size/specimen size

132
Q

What is DM asking you?

A

How many times bigger the picture you took/drew than the actual cell.

133
Q

In DM what do you measure for Diagram size?

A

You measure the length of the specimen not the circle (FOV)

134
Q

What unit should your answer for DM be in?

A

times. __ x (bigger)

135
Q

What are the 2 checkpoints seen in interphase?

A
  1. DNA is copies properly (correct # of chromosomes)

2. Cell is big enough to divide

136
Q

Why are the checkpoints in interphase important?

A

So the final 2 cells don’t have an error in the DNA or the cells aren’t big enough to perform their functions.

137
Q

What is the definition of mitosis?

A

Division of nuclear (genetic) material

138
Q

What is the definition of cytokinesis?

A

Division of the cytoplasm and its contents (organelles). It is separate from mitosis but often overlaps.

139
Q

What is the definition of cancer.

A

A broad group of diseases that result in uncontrolled cell division.
Cancer is a group of diseases in which cells grow and divide out of control. It results from a change in the DNA that controls the cell cycle. This change prevents the cells from staying in interphase for the normal amount of time.

140
Q

What is a tumor?

A

A tumor is a mass of cells that continue to grow and divide without any obvious function in the body

141
Q

What is a benign tumor?

A

A tumor that does not affect surrounding tissues other than by physically crowding them

142
Q

What is a malignant tumor?

A

A tumor that interferes with the functioning of surrounding cells; a cancerous tumor

143
Q

What is metastasis?

A

The process of cancer cells breaking away from the original (primary) tumor and establishing another (secondary) tumor elsewhere in the body.

144
Q

What is a mutation?

A

A random change in the DNA

145
Q

What is a carcinogen?

A

Any environmental factor that causes cancer.

146
Q

How is the behavior of cancer cells different from that of normal cells?

A

Cancer cells grow and divide out of control. Their DNA that controls the cell cycle gets changed. This change in DNA prevents the cells from staying in interphase for the normal amount of time.

147
Q

Can a person inherit cancer genetically? Explain

A

Yes, some cancers can be inherited genetically. Some cancers can be hereditary. DNA that contains information that may lead to disease can be passed on from one generation to another. For example, some breast cancers and some colon cancers can be passed on this way. A genetic link makes it more likely for someone to develop a certain type of cancer but it does not guarantee they will get it.

148
Q

Can you catch cancer from a person who has cancer? Explain.

A

No, you cannot catch cancer form another person who has cancer. You cannot get cancer from being in close contact with someone who has it. For example, sharing a meal or kissing. Cancer cells from one person are generally unable to live in the body of another health human being. A healthy person’s immune system recognizes foreign cells and destroys them, including cancer cells from another person.

149
Q

What are some examples of carcinogens?

A

If you smoke or are constantly exposed to someone who does smoke. Smoke generated by large automobiles such as trucks, trains and ships can lead to lung cancer. Alcohol is a carcinogen. Caffeine can be as well. Some nitrite and nitrates used in food preservation can be linked to bowl cancer.

150
Q

Why might it be easy to overlook cancer in its early stages?

A

Some cancers don’t show any signs or symptoms in the early stages. It is hard to detect something if it can’t be seen

151
Q

What is an endoscopy?

A

A camera, light and cable used to send the images are inserted in the colon through the rectum. This allows doctors to see any unnatural growths and remove a small biopsy if needed.

152
Q

What is an X-Ray?

A

X-ray images are taken to view parts of your body such as bones or lungs. An example of an X-ray is a mammogram.

153
Q

What is an ultrasound?

A

Ultrasounds use ultra-high-frequency sound waves to create digital images. These images allow doctors to view certain soft tissues such as the heart or liver.

154
Q

What is a ct scan

A

A Ct scan allows the X-ray technician to take multiple X-rays of the body from different angles. The images are then assembled by the computer to form a series of detailed images. Ct scans allow doctors to view parts of the body that can’t be seen in an x-ray.

155
Q

What is an MRI?

A

Radio waves and strong magnetic field create images with more detail than a Ct scan. Computer can assemble the information into 3-D models.

156
Q

What is chemotherapy?

A

A method of treating cancer using drugs. The drugs work by stopping or slowing the cancer cells from dividing or spreading to other parts of the body, and by killing the cells. These drugs can be injected or taken orally. Side effects include hair loss, fatigue and nausea. One large advantage is that the drugs travel throughout the body and reach almost all tumors, even if they are too small to be detected

157
Q

What is Radiation?

A

Cancer cells are easily damaged by ionizing radiation because they divide rapidly. Radiation therapy takes advantage of this. The DNA of many of the daughter cells is damaged by the radiation, so the cells cannot divide further. The radiation is directed at the tumor either by a focused beam or by implanting a radioactive source into the tumor. This minimizes side effects.

158
Q

Why might doctors be concerned if they find cancer in a patients blood?

A

If a doctor finds a cancer cell in a patient’s blood, there are many reasons to be concerned. The doctor most likely does not know what type of cancer it is, or what stage it is in. If the patient has had children it is possible they have passed it down to their children.

159
Q
  1. Identify at least 3 simple lifestyle changes that could help reduce your risk of developing cancer
A

Eating a healthy diet with lots of fruits and vegetables and less fatty meats can help. Eating “superfoods” including tomatoes, carrots, avocados, grapefruits, red grapes, broccoli, garlic, raspberries, figs, cabbage and nuts.

160
Q
  1. Why might there be a risk of cancer recurring, even when surgery is performed to remove malignant tumors?
A

There is no guarantee the entire tumor is removed. Not all the cancerous cells are in that tumor, they can be in other spots. If that is the case then those cells will continue to divide.

161
Q

What is molecular targeted therapy?

A

The treatment consists of drugs designed at the molecular level of the cell to specifically attack and kill only the cancer cells of a specific type of cancer. They are tailor made to recognize specific molecules unique to cancers.

This is good because unlike other treatment it doesn’t affect healthy cells as well.

162
Q

What are the three things stated in the cell theory?

A
  1. All living things are made up of cells
  2. The cell is the simplest unit that can carry out life processes
  3. All cells are reproduces from other cells.
163
Q

What can Eukaryotic cells be?

A

More complex organisms are called eukaryotes. Eukaryotes may be single-celled or multi-celled organisms with a nucleus. Plants and animals are examples of eukaryotes.
Eukaryote cells are much larger than prokaryote cells, often tens to thousands of times larger.

164
Q

Define organelle

A

An organelle is one small part of a cell that has a very specific job or function.

165
Q

Compare and contrast the organelles that are present in animal and plant cells.

A

They are both eukaryotic cells. They both contain membrane bound organelles. Lysosomes are found in animal cells but are not found in plant cells. Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts and a large central vacuole which are not found in animal cells.

166
Q

b) State the difference between vacuoles in plant cells and vacuoles in animal cells

A

Plant cells have one large central vacuole taking up 90% of the cell volume while plant cells have one or more small vacuoles. The vacuoles in plants do the same job that the lysosomes in animal cells do.

167
Q

c) Compare and contrast vacuoles and vesicles

A

c) Compare and contrast vacuoles and vesicles

168
Q

What type of cell is removed from the person who wants to be clones.

A

A stomatic cell

169
Q

Define ennucleation

A

The nucleus of the donor egg cell is removed and discarded, leaving it ‘deprogrammed.’ An enucleated egg cell is an egg cell that has had it’s nucleus removed, but the cell itself still has all the mechanisms of an egg cell that is vital for planting into the womn of a mother.

170
Q

Why is the egg cell enucleated in cloning

A

The egg cell is enucleated so the egg cell becomes deprogrammed.

171
Q

What happens in the transfer of the nucleus?

A

The nucleus from the somatic cell is taken out and put into the egg cell. The DNA needs to reboot to behave as though it were the DNA of an egg cell.

172
Q

What is a stomatic cell?

A

any cell of a living organism other than the reproductive cells.

173
Q

What are 5 cloning myths?

A
  1. Instant clones
  2. Carbon copies
  3. Cloning is always an artificial process.
  4. Cloning is new technology
  5. Cloned animals live short lives and suffer from health problems
174
Q

Why is it important for a cell to have a high surface area to volume ratio?

A

a large cell membrane for nutrients and things to get in with a minimal volume so it doesn’t take so long for nutrients and other things like that to get to where they need to be.

a large cell membrane for nutrients and things to get in with a minimal volume so it doesn’t take so long for nutrients and other things like that to get to where they need to be.

175
Q

In an amoeba what does the contractile vacuole do?

A

: Once the food vacuole has digested the food the waste and excess water is transported out of the cell by the contractile vacuole. Regulate water (through cell membrane). There to make sure the cell doesn’t burst. Does not have a cell wall??

176
Q

In an amoeba what does the pseudopod (fake foot) do?

A

Used for movement (locomotion) and capture prey. The extension of the amoeba. How it moves.

177
Q

In an amoeba what does the what does the food vacuole do?

A

The food vacuole is a cavity within the amoeba in which food is digested. (broken down in order to be absorbed by the amoeba). Digests engulfed food.

178
Q

In a paramecium what does cilia do?

A

Cilia move through the surrounding waters and ingest food in the cytostome. Cilia are hair like appendages that help the paramecium move food around into the oral groove.

179
Q

In a paramecium what does the oral groove do?

A

Collects and directs food into the cell mouth. Ingest nutrients? Packages the food into vesicles?

180
Q

In a paramecium what does the contractile vacuole do?

A

Contracts and forces extra water out of the cell

181
Q

In a paramecium what does the macro-nucleus do?

A

Larger nucleus which performs normal cell functions

182
Q

In a paramecium what does the micro-nucleus

A

Smaller nucleus which is responsible for cell division.

183
Q

What does a red blood cell do?

A

No nucleus
Enucleated
Hemoglobin has iron and carries oxygen around oxygen
Has no genetic material in it.

  • In mammals, there is no nucleus in a mature red blood cell – lose nucleus to allow for more space for hemoglobin
  • Cytoplasm is rich in hemoglobin (oxygen-carrying molecule). This is important because red blood cells deliver oxygen to all cells in the body
  • Flat disc shape easy for transportation
  • Delivers oxygen to body cells/
184
Q

What does a nerve cell do?

A
  • Two distinct ‘ends’ used to send chemical messages quickly

* Insulated with myelin (fat) to avoid the loss of electrons (quicker signal)

185
Q

What do goblet cells do?

A
  • Lines with cilia (fine hairs) – excrete mucus. Used to trap particles and pathogens to prevent them from getting into lungs (disease prevention)
  • Also present in digestive system
186
Q

What do osteoclasts do?

A

Absorb calcium from your bones and puts it in your blood for the nerves to use.

Osteoclast cells function to remove Ca2+ and PO43- from bone and release them into the blood
• High concentration of vacuoles and vesicles – filled with and acid that removes bone material
• Extensive Golgi complex (for packaging vacuoles)
• Cell membrane is not smooth to increase surface area (allows for maximum reabsorption of bone material)

187
Q

What do egg cells do?

A

Have 23 chromosomes
Largest cell in the body
Large/tonnes of cytoplasm
Nutrients

  • Large amount of cytoplasm – zygote/fetus will receive nutrients from egg cell
  • Half number of chromosomes in nucleus (other half will come from sperm)
188
Q

What do sperm cells do?

A

Have 23 chromosomes
Loses most of its cytoplasm
Grows a flagellum (tail)
Packet full of mitochondria

  • Streamlined for quick movement
  • Many mitochondria to provide energy to move
  • ‘tail’ for movement
  • Loss of most cytoplasm – allows cells to move quickly without carrying excess weight
  • Half number of chromosomes
189
Q

What do guard cells do?

A

Surrounding each stomata are two guard cells, which regulate the opening and closing of the stomata to facilitate gas exchange and control transpiration in plants. Dispersed throughout the epidermis (the outer layer of cells covering an organism, in particular) are paired, chloroplast containing guard cells, and between each pair is formed a small opening, or pore called a stoma.

Underneath leaves
Carbon dioxide vessel

  • Cells in leaves
  • Form around stoma (opening in leaves)
  • Control the movement of gases and water vapor into and out of leaf cells
190
Q

Define Xenotransplantation

A

The process of transporting an organ or tissue from one species to another

Science (8 decks)

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