Bio unit #6 Flashcards
what do cells do?
work together to form tissue ex. Nerve cell
what are tissue?
a bunch a cell that have similar shape and function ex. Nerve tissue
what are organs?
different types of tissue that do a particular function ex. Heart
what is organ system?
a group of organs that have a specific function ex. Digestive system
what are the four types of tissue?
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
what is epithelial?
coving protect organs, lines body cavities and covers the surface
what is connective?
provide support and hold various parts together eg. Bone
what is muscle?
sheet or bunk of muscle cell that contain to produce movement
what is the nervous?
communication between all body structure
what is Physiology?
it’s the function
eg. move blood through the body
what is the anatomy?
it’s the structure
eg. heart
what is homeostasis?
the Maintenace of a healthy balance of all chemicals in an organism. When an environment is upsets the body sense the change and responds
what does the body do to regulate body temp?
Sweating and shivering to regulate body temperature
how is the body like a thermostats?
Body is like a thermostat bc when it get to hot it changes the temp by sweating when it to cold it shivers to warm up
what two system responsible for homeostasis?
nervous and endocrine
what are the two types of digestion that happens in the mouth?
Mechanical digestion: (teeth) Physical process of breaking food through mastication
Chemical digestion: ( saliva) When acid and enzyme (proteins) helps break down food
what are the types of teeth?
Enamel: Outermost layer of the tooth
Dentin: inner tooth
Pulp Cavity: living cells of the toot.
what are the types of tooth disorders?
Cavities: natural bacteria are over growing due to food particles causing cavities
Root Canal: if cavities get to deep the root cannel will clean it out, and all Tissue will dissolve meaning the tooth is dead then bacteria can spread through your body
what are the kinds of teeth?
Incisors: Front of your teeth for cutting and clipping
Cuspids / Canines: A cone shape with a pointed tip for tearing or slashing
Bicuspids / Molars: Have flattened top used for crushing, mashing or grinding
Wisdom Teeth: Additional set of molars they can develop where they cannot erupt
what does salivary glands do?
creates saliva which has enzyme and moisten foods
what are the three pairs of salivary glands?
Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual
what are the functions of saliva?
Dissolves your food
moisten food, and contain salivary amylase, a enzyme
what does the tongue do?
Adis in the process of mastication (chewing)
what is the pharynx?
“The throat” that splits into the esophagus and trachea
what is bolus?
chewed moisten ball
how does the pharynx function?
Food is formed into a chewed moisten ball called bolus
It’s pushed back toward the pharynx with the tongue
While swallowing all passageways except the esophagus is blocked.
what is the Epiglottis?
Epiglottis: fold downs blocking trachea
what does the Uvula do?
The Uvula moves backwards blocking the nasal cavity ( Dingley thing)
what is esophagus?
muscular tubes that pushes food from the pharynx to the stomach
how does the esophagus work?
Muscle contraction move with waves into the stomach
The bolus moves through the esophagus by by muscle contraction
where does the bolus enters the stomach?
through the Cardiac Sphincter
what is Peristalsis?
muscle contraction
what are the two types of stomach digestion?
chemical digestion: gastric juice
mechanical digestion: churning
what are the Muscular organ 4 sections in the stomach?
Cardiac
Fundus
Body
Pyloric
where is cardiac?
Cardiac: closest the esophagus and heart
what is the fundus?
Fundus: superior bulge in stomach
where is the body?
Body: middle section
where is the pyloric?
Pyloric: inferior closets to the small intestines
what is the Rugae?
stomach internal folds
what is the lining?
is made columnar epithelium
what is cardiac sphincter?
Cardiac sphincter: A ring of smooth muscle that allow food in, but not up
what does food stimulates in the stomach?
the release of hormone gastrin.
what does gastric juice contains?
pepsin, an active enzyme that breaks down protein into amino acids.
what does the Gastrin cause the stomach to produce?
Pepsinogen, Mucus and Hydrochloric Acid
no absorption in the stomach except…..
aspirin and alcohol
what is chyme?
partially digested food
what is the pyloric sphincter?
the stomach will release small amounts of chyme into the small intestine through this
what is the small intestine location of?
most digestion and absorption
what is the small intestine lined with?
villi
what is the first part of the small intestine?
Duodenum: is the first part, where most of the digestion occurs. Digestive secretions from the liver and pancreases are sent here
what does the pancreases release into the duodenum?
bicarbonate and enzymes into the duodenum: Bicarbonate, Pancreatic amylase, Lipase, Nuclease, Trypsin
what does the liver release?
bile that separates fats
what is the second part of the small intestine?
Jejunum/Ileum: food is moved through the small intestine by peristalsis
Absorption is at the end of the products of digestion occurs along the jejunum and lleum
Villi are there in all the cells of the intestines to increase absorption
what does active transport do in the small intestine?
Active transport moves the substances across the cell intestine into the blood. Substance are them transport to the liver by the Hepatic portal vein
what is the large intestine?
the colon full of helpful bacteria, and absorbs remaining water
what is the begging of the large intestine?
the cecum and where the appendix is attached
what are the three sections of the colon?
Ascending colon
transverse colon
descending colon.
End with rectum
where are there no digestive enzymes?
the colon
what does bacteria do in the large intestine?
digest some of the remaining nutrients produces vitamin K and B
what are absorbed in the large intestine?
Water and vitamins are absorbed, while the remaining is eliminated as feces by the kidneys
what dose the build of Feeces in the rectum cause?
defecation reflex:
what is the Internal anal sphincter?
smooth muscle is relaxed
what is the External anal sphincter?
voluntary muscle
What is the anus?
sphincter that opens to allow elimination of waste
1 you control another your nervous system control
what happens when the rectum is full?
triggers a reflex that moves it out of the body
what is the rectum?
stores feces until they are eliminated
what does the liver do?
make bile that help break down fat’s and detoxifies any poisons that are absorbed
what does the gallbladder do?
stores bile and dumps bile into the small intestine
what does the pancreas do?
produces pancreatic juice which enter the small intestine
produce digestive enzymes and controls blood sugar
what is the appendix?
small dead-end tube connected to the accenting colon
Helps more herbivores to digest cellulose
what is the Gastrointestinal tract?
pathways that food moves from ingestion to defection also know as the GI tract or alimentary canal
what is apart of the Gastrointestinal tract?
Mouth, pharyax, esophagas, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus
what does the Acessory organs do?
help with the breakdown of food, but food doesn’t enter them
what is apart of the accessory organs?
Teeth, tongue, saliva glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
What is the process of digestion?
Ingestion
Secretion
Propulsion
Digestion
Absorption
Defecation
what is ingestion?
Ingestion: eating. Mouth only
what does secretion do?
accessory organs and GI tract create 7 lite of digestive fluid daily.
what does a propulsion do?
Propulsion: swallowing and peristalsis ( smooth muscle contracts push food through the GI tract
what does digestion do?
Digestion: breaking down food: two types of chemicals
what is absorption?
Absorption: nutrients and other molecules pass into the blood stream
what is defecation?
Defecation: unabsorbed materials (feces) are eliminated
what is the connective tissue?
it what keep everything together
Intestine is held together by mesentery
Stomach is held in place by other abdominal muscles
what make up the Upper Respiratory?
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Epiglottis
what make up the lower respiratory tract?
Bronchus
right lung
left lung
rib muscles
diaphragm
what does the nasal cavity do?
The nasal septum is divided into 2 nostrils. The nasal cavity is lined with mucosa that warms the incoming air and traps foreign objects
what does the ciliated cells do in the upper respiratory tract?
The ciliated cells propel debris to move towards the throat for digestion
what is the Conchae?
three ridges that found in the nasal cavity
allowing more particular to contract the nasal cavity walls instead of entering the lungs
what make the hard plate hard and the soft plate soft?
Hard plate is made of bone
Soft is made of muscle
what does the nasal cavity end with?
Uvula
what does the Uvula do?
it prevents the food from enetrs other parts of the nasal cavity when swallowed
what is the nasal cavity surround with?
is surrounded by paranasal sinuses: lighten the skull, resonate speech, and produce mucus
what does the paranasal sinuses do?
lighten the skull, resonate speech, and produce mucus
what is the pharynx?
the throat that shared by resptory and digestive
what are the three portions the pharynx is divided into?
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
What does tonsils do in the pharyx?
It’s lined with cluster of lymphatic tissue that trap and remove foreign
what are the types of Tonsils?
pharyngeal tonsil, 2 palatine tonsil, and 2 lingual tonsils
what is the Larynx?
Voice box
Short section that connects the pharynx to the trachea
what is the function of the Larynx?
provide an open airway ( cartilage)
divert air and food into the proper pathways ( epiglottis), produce sound (vocal cords)
what do the Vocal cords control?
control the sound of your voice: volume, pitch, and articulation
what is the Trachea?
“wind pipe”
a Rigid tube about 5 in long
lined with carriages to provide open pathways for air.
what are bronchi?
two tubes that branch from the trachea and lead into the lungs. behind the hearts that the trachea divide into 2 of these
what are Bronchioles?
are branches that are smaller tubes that to branch off until they reach alveoli
what is the Pleura?
a thin membrane that contain fluid that reduce friction between the lungs and the thoracic cavity
how many lobes to the right and left lung have?
right have 3
left has 2
what is the Cardaci notch
the notch in the left lung for the heart
what are Alveoli?
tiny air sacs within the lungs where gas exchange take place
what are capillaries?
surround each alveolus to prevent it from collapsing by keeping it moist. when it come in contact with alveoli gas exchange occurs
what is gas exchange?
oxygen from the inhaled air enters the alveoli diffuse into the capillaries. At the same time carbon dived in the blood diffuse into the air of the alveoli
what is the Respiratory zone?
thin wall alveoli and surrounding capillaries which is the site of gas exchange
what does the Alveolar macrophages do?
moves in and out of the alveoli collecting any remaining bacteria
what is Internal respiration?
blood exchanges gas with the blood tissue through the body
what is External respiration?
gases exchange between the plumary blood vessel and the alveoli this is done in the lungs. Precedes external respiration
what is Diaphragm?
flat muscle connects the ribs at the bottom of the chest cavity
that helps with breathing
where is Exterior intercotol
found between the rib cage
what is Inhalation?
contraction that increase in size of lungs and decrease in pressure within the lungs and air rushes calling it inspiration
what is Exhalation?
muscle relaxation that decrease in size of the lungs, and increase in pressure within lungs and air rushes out called expiration
what is the function of the diaphragm?
when it contracts it draw air into the lungs
when it relaxes it push it up into the thoracic cavity
lungs cannot inhale or exhale without the diaphragm
what does the cartilage rings do?
hold up the trachea so it doesn’t collapse
what is the Function of the cardiovascular system?
transport nutrients, gases, and wastes around the body
what are the major function in the cardiovascular system?
Major organs: heart, blood vessels, and blood
what is the Function of blood?
transport oxygen, waste, and hormones
Regulate body temp, PH, and fluid volume
Prevent infection and blood loss
what are the Whole blood components?
Blood is a connective tissue made of cells in a fluid matrix
The cells are formed elements
what is plasma?
fluid in the matrix
what are Composition of blood?
55% plasma
1% white blood cells
44% red blood cells
what are the Physical characteristic of blood?
Bright red to purplish
Oxygen blood is purplish
Dexoygen blood is red
Blood is 5 times thicker
what is in plasma?
90% water
10% carried along the blood
3 proteins: globulin, albumin, fibring
what are blood 3 Formed Elements?
: Erythrocytes, Leukocyte, Platelets
what is Erythrocytes?
Erythrocytes:
red blood cells
No organelles or nucleus so it doesn’t use up oxygen it’s carrying
Froms from blood marrow
what is Erythrocytes function?
Function: transport oxygen around the body via hemoglobin
what is Hemoglobin?
Contain 4 chains called globin
Hold 4 O2
what is Leukocytes?
White blood cells
Protect the body from foreign cells
what is Platelets?
Tiny fragment
Responsible for blood clotting when vessels is broken
Blood must clot so it doesn’t bleed out
Where is the heart located?
between the lungs
what is the Aplex?
pointed towards the left hip
What are the layers of the heart?
Pericardium: outer covering
Fibrous: provide protect and anchors the heart in place
Serous: lubricating fluid
Visceral
what are layers of the heart wall?
Epicardium:
Myocardia: thick layer mucus contraction
Endocardia:
what is the Pulmonary loop?
Pulmonary loop: from the heart to the lungs and back. Pick O2 and drops co2
Majour blood vessels:
Truck & vense
what is the Systemic loop?
from the heart to the body tissues and back drop o2 and picks co2
Majour blood vessels:
venae cave: superior and inferior
Aorta
what is Anatomy of the heart?
four chambers: R atrium L atrium R ventricle L ventricle
what is Oxygenated and Deoxygenate blood?
Oxygenated blood: left
Deoxygenate: right
what is septum?
separates the two sides of the heart
Major external structures of the heart?
Superior vena cava
Right atrium
Coronary blood vessels
Right ventricle
Inferior vena cava
Aorta
Left atrium
Left ventricle
Apex
Major internal structures?
Valves: flops of tissues that prevent blood from flowing backwards
what is Atrioventricular?
Atrioventricular: valves between aria and ventricles
R tricuspid valve
L bicuspid valve
Semilunar valves?
Semilunar valves: between ventricles and major blood vessels
R pulamory
L aortic
What is the trace of blood flow?
blue: body tissuse, superior/ inferior vena cava, right atrium, right ventricle, plumonary artiers, lungs
Red: from the lungs, pulmonary veins, left artims, left ventricles, aorta
what is Trace of the intrinsic conduction system?
SA node, AV node, AV bundle, branches, Purkinje fibers
what is diastole?
Diastole: relaxation of the heart and filling blood
Attovolt contracting : fills with blood
Av valve close “lub”
what is systole?
Systole: contraction of heart
Isovolumetric contractions: ventricles are contracts with valves close
Ejection phase:
Semilunar valve close: “dup”
Isovolumetric revelation: ventricles relax with valves close
what is cardiac output?
Cardiac output: amount of blood pumped by each ventricle
Heartrate X stroke volume
what is stroke volume?
Stroke volume: is the volume of blood pumped out by ventricles heart beat. Effect by exercise
what is Heart rate?
of time the heart beast per min. Effect by stress
what are the 3 types of blood vessels?
Artenes, veins, and capillaries
what is the Blood flow from an artery to a vein?
Artery, arterioles, capillaries, venule, vein
Capillaries is where?
blood vessels are gases exchanged. It has one cell layer to allow gas exchange to happen
Three layer are found in arteries and veins?
Tunica intima: slippery thin layer
Tunica media: thickness layer of mucus
Tunica external: connective tissue that support and protect
what are Arteries?
Arteries: Thick walls
Receive blood under pressure so they are flexible
what are veins?
: thin walls receive blood from tissue under low pressure
How do veins maintain blood pressure?
Muscular pumping: muscles contract and blood of squessing through veins
Respiratory: expands of the chest during inhalation
Valves: large veins that have vavles to prvant back from blood
What are the two portions of a capillary?
Shunt: shot cut to arties to the veins
True: all tiny portion that exchange gases within the tissue
How can capillary sphincter restrict blood flow?
By Sphincter
