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Math > Bio unit #6 > Flashcards

Bio unit #6 Flashcards

1
Q

what do cells do?

A

work together to form tissue ex. Nerve cell

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2
Q

what are tissue?

A

a bunch a cell that have similar shape and function ex. Nerve tissue

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3
Q

what are organs?

A

different types of tissue that do a particular function ex. Heart

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4
Q

what is organ system?

A

a group of organs that have a specific function ex. Digestive system

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5
Q

what are the four types of tissue?

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

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6
Q

what is epithelial?

A

coving protect organs, lines body cavities and covers the surface

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7
Q

what is connective?

A

provide support and hold various parts together eg. Bone

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8
Q

what is muscle?

A

sheet or bunk of muscle cell that contain to produce movement

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9
Q

what is the nervous?

A

communication between all body structure

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10
Q

what is Physiology?

A

it’s the function
eg. move blood through the body

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11
Q

what is the anatomy?

A

it’s the structure
eg. heart

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12
Q

what is homeostasis?

A

the Maintenace of a healthy balance of all chemicals in an organism. When an environment is upsets the body sense the change and responds

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13
Q

what does the body do to regulate body temp?

A

Sweating and shivering to regulate body temperature

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14
Q

how is the body like a thermostats?

A

Body is like a thermostat bc when it get to hot it changes the temp by sweating when it to cold it shivers to warm up

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15
Q

what two system responsible for homeostasis?

A

nervous and endocrine

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16
Q

what are the two types of digestion that happens in the mouth?

A

Mechanical digestion: (teeth) Physical process of breaking food through mastication

Chemical digestion: ( saliva) When acid and enzyme (proteins) helps break down food

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17
Q

what are the types of teeth?

A

Enamel: Outermost layer of the tooth
Dentin: inner tooth
Pulp Cavity: living cells of the toot.

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18
Q

what are the types of tooth disorders?

A

Cavities: natural bacteria are over growing due to food particles causing cavities

Root Canal: if cavities get to deep the root cannel will clean it out, and all Tissue will dissolve meaning the tooth is dead then bacteria can spread through your body

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19
Q

what are the kinds of teeth?

A

Incisors: Front of your teeth for cutting and clipping

Cuspids / Canines: A cone shape with a pointed tip for tearing or slashing

Bicuspids / Molars: Have flattened top used for crushing, mashing or grinding

Wisdom Teeth: Additional set of molars they can develop where they cannot erupt

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20
Q

what does salivary glands do?

A

creates saliva which has enzyme and moisten foods

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21
Q

what are the three pairs of salivary glands?

A

Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual

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22
Q

what are the functions of saliva?

A

Dissolves your food
moisten food, and contain salivary amylase, a enzyme

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23
Q

what does the tongue do?

A

Adis in the process of mastication (chewing)

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24
Q

what is the pharynx?

A

“The throat” that splits into the esophagus and trachea

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25
Q

what is bolus?

A

chewed moisten ball

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26
Q

how does the pharynx function?

A

Food is formed into a chewed moisten ball called bolus

It’s pushed back toward the pharynx with the tongue

While swallowing all passageways except the esophagus is blocked.

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27
Q

what is the Epiglottis?

A

Epiglottis: fold downs blocking trachea

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28
Q

what does the Uvula do?

A

The Uvula moves backwards blocking the nasal cavity ( Dingley thing)

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29
Q

what is esophagus?

A

muscular tubes that pushes food from the pharynx to the stomach

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30
Q

how does the esophagus work?

A

Muscle contraction move with waves into the stomach

The bolus moves through the esophagus by by muscle contraction

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31
Q

where does the bolus enters the stomach?

A

through the Cardiac Sphincter

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32
Q

what is Peristalsis?

A

muscle contraction

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33
Q

what are the two types of stomach digestion?

A

chemical digestion: gastric juice

mechanical digestion: churning

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34
Q

what are the Muscular organ 4 sections in the stomach?

A

Cardiac
Fundus
Body
Pyloric

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35
Q

where is cardiac?

A

Cardiac: closest the esophagus and heart

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36
Q

what is the fundus?

A

Fundus: superior bulge in stomach

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37
Q

where is the body?

A

Body: middle section

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38
Q

where is the pyloric?

A

Pyloric: inferior closets to the small intestines

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39
Q

what is the Rugae?

A

stomach internal folds

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40
Q

what is the lining?

A

is made columnar epithelium

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41
Q

what is cardiac sphincter?

A

Cardiac sphincter: A ring of smooth muscle that allow food in, but not up

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42
Q

what does food stimulates in the stomach?

A

the release of hormone gastrin.

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43
Q

what does gastric juice contains?

A

pepsin, an active enzyme that breaks down protein into amino acids.

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44
Q

what does the Gastrin cause the stomach to produce?

A

Pepsinogen, Mucus and Hydrochloric Acid

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45
Q

no absorption in the stomach except…..

A

aspirin and alcohol

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46
Q

what is chyme?

A

partially digested food

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47
Q

what is the pyloric sphincter?

A

the stomach will release small amounts of chyme into the small intestine through this

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48
Q

what is the small intestine location of?

A

most digestion and absorption

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49
Q

what is the small intestine lined with?

A

villi

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50
Q

what is the first part of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum: is the first part, where most of the digestion occurs. Digestive secretions from the liver and pancreases are sent here

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51
Q

what does the pancreases release into the duodenum?

A

bicarbonate and enzymes into the duodenum: Bicarbonate, Pancreatic amylase, Lipase, Nuclease, Trypsin

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52
Q

what does the liver release?

A

bile that separates fats

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53
Q

what is the second part of the small intestine?

A

Jejunum/Ileum: food is moved through the small intestine by peristalsis

Absorption is at the end of the products of digestion occurs along the jejunum and lleum

Villi are there in all the cells of the intestines to increase absorption

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54
Q

what does active transport do in the small intestine?

A

Active transport moves the substances across the cell intestine into the blood. Substance are them transport to the liver by the Hepatic portal vein

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55
Q

what is the large intestine?

A

the colon full of helpful bacteria, and absorbs remaining water

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56
Q

what is the begging of the large intestine?

A

the cecum and where the appendix is attached

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57
Q

what are the three sections of the colon?

A

Ascending colon
transverse colon
descending colon.
End with rectum

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58
Q

where are there no digestive enzymes?

A

the colon

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59
Q

what does bacteria do in the large intestine?

A

digest some of the remaining nutrients produces vitamin K and B

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60
Q

what are absorbed in the large intestine?

A

Water and vitamins are absorbed, while the remaining is eliminated as feces by the kidneys

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61
Q

what dose the build of Feeces in the rectum cause?

A

defecation reflex:

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62
Q

what is the Internal anal sphincter?

A

smooth muscle is relaxed

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63
Q

what is the External anal sphincter?

A

voluntary muscle

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64
Q

What is the anus?

A

sphincter that opens to allow elimination of waste

1 you control another your nervous system control

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65
Q

what happens when the rectum is full?

A

triggers a reflex that moves it out of the body

66
Q

what is the rectum?

A

stores feces until they are eliminated

67
Q

what does the liver do?

A

make bile that help break down fat’s and detoxifies any poisons that are absorbed

68
Q

what does the gallbladder do?

A

stores bile and dumps bile into the small intestine

69
Q

what does the pancreas do?

A

produces pancreatic juice which enter the small intestine
produce digestive enzymes and controls blood sugar

70
Q

what is the appendix?

A

small dead-end tube connected to the accenting colon

Helps more herbivores to digest cellulose

71
Q

what is the Gastrointestinal tract?

A

pathways that food moves from ingestion to defection also know as the GI tract or alimentary canal

72
Q

what is apart of the Gastrointestinal tract?

A

Mouth, pharyax, esophagas, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus

73
Q

what does the Acessory organs do?

A

help with the breakdown of food, but food doesn’t enter them

74
Q

what is apart of the accessory organs?

A

Teeth, tongue, saliva glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

75
Q

What is the process of digestion?

A

Ingestion
Secretion
Propulsion
Digestion
Absorption
Defecation

76
Q

what is ingestion?

A

Ingestion: eating. Mouth only

77
Q

what does secretion do?

A

accessory organs and GI tract create 7 lite of digestive fluid daily.

78
Q

what does a propulsion do?

A

Propulsion: swallowing and peristalsis ( smooth muscle contracts push food through the GI tract

79
Q

what does digestion do?

A

Digestion: breaking down food: two types of chemicals

80
Q

what is absorption?

A

Absorption: nutrients and other molecules pass into the blood stream

81
Q

what is defecation?

A

Defecation: unabsorbed materials (feces) are eliminated

82
Q

what is the connective tissue?

A

it what keep everything together

Intestine is held together by mesentery

Stomach is held in place by other abdominal muscles

83
Q

what make up the Upper Respiratory?

A

Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Epiglottis

84
Q

what make up the lower respiratory tract?

A

Bronchus
right lung
left lung
rib muscles
diaphragm

85
Q

what does the nasal cavity do?

A

The nasal septum is divided into 2 nostrils. The nasal cavity is lined with mucosa that warms the incoming air and traps foreign objects

86
Q

what does the ciliated cells do in the upper respiratory tract?

A

The ciliated cells propel debris to move towards the throat for digestion

87
Q

what is the Conchae?

A

three ridges that found in the nasal cavity
allowing more particular to contract the nasal cavity walls instead of entering the lungs

88
Q

what make the hard plate hard and the soft plate soft?

A

Hard plate is made of bone
Soft is made of muscle

89
Q

what does the nasal cavity end with?

A

Uvula

89
Q

what does the Uvula do?

A

it prevents the food from enetrs other parts of the nasal cavity when swallowed

90
Q

what is the nasal cavity surround with?

A

is surrounded by paranasal sinuses: lighten the skull, resonate speech, and produce mucus

91
Q

what does the paranasal sinuses do?

A

lighten the skull, resonate speech, and produce mucus

92
Q

what is the pharynx?

A

the throat that shared by resptory and digestive

93
Q

what are the three portions the pharynx is divided into?

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

94
Q

What does tonsils do in the pharyx?

A

It’s lined with cluster of lymphatic tissue that trap and remove foreign

95
Q

what are the types of Tonsils?

A

pharyngeal tonsil, 2 palatine tonsil, and 2 lingual tonsils

96
Q

what is the Larynx?

A

Voice box
Short section that connects the pharynx to the trachea

97
Q

what is the function of the Larynx?

A

provide an open airway ( cartilage)
divert air and food into the proper pathways ( epiglottis), produce sound (vocal cords)

98
Q

what do the Vocal cords control?

A

control the sound of your voice: volume, pitch, and articulation

99
Q

what is the Trachea?

A

“wind pipe”
a Rigid tube about 5 in long
lined with carriages to provide open pathways for air.

100
Q

what are bronchi?

A

two tubes that branch from the trachea and lead into the lungs. behind the hearts that the trachea divide into 2 of these

101
Q

what are Bronchioles?

A

are branches that are smaller tubes that to branch off until they reach alveoli

102
Q

what is the Pleura?

A

a thin membrane that contain fluid that reduce friction between the lungs and the thoracic cavity

103
Q

how many lobes to the right and left lung have?

A

right have 3
left has 2

104
Q

what is the Cardaci notch

A

the notch in the left lung for the heart

105
Q

what are Alveoli?

A

tiny air sacs within the lungs where gas exchange take place

106
Q

what are capillaries?

A

surround each alveolus to prevent it from collapsing by keeping it moist. when it come in contact with alveoli gas exchange occurs

107
Q

what is gas exchange?

A

oxygen from the inhaled air enters the alveoli diffuse into the capillaries. At the same time carbon dived in the blood diffuse into the air of the alveoli

108
Q

what is the Respiratory zone?

A

thin wall alveoli and surrounding capillaries which is the site of gas exchange

109
Q

what does the Alveolar macrophages do?

A

moves in and out of the alveoli collecting any remaining bacteria

110
Q

what is Internal respiration?

A

blood exchanges gas with the blood tissue through the body

111
Q

what is External respiration?

A

gases exchange between the plumary blood vessel and the alveoli this is done in the lungs. Precedes external respiration

112
Q

what is Diaphragm?

A

flat muscle connects the ribs at the bottom of the chest cavity
that helps with breathing

113
Q

where is Exterior intercotol

A

found between the rib cage

114
Q

what is Inhalation?

A

contraction that increase in size of lungs and decrease in pressure within the lungs and air rushes calling it inspiration

115
Q

what is Exhalation?

A

muscle relaxation that decrease in size of the lungs, and increase in pressure within lungs and air rushes out called expiration

116
Q

what is the function of the diaphragm?

A

when it contracts it draw air into the lungs
when it relaxes it push it up into the thoracic cavity
lungs cannot inhale or exhale without the diaphragm

117
Q

what does the cartilage rings do?

A

hold up the trachea so it doesn’t collapse

118
Q

what is the Function of the cardiovascular system?

A

transport nutrients, gases, and wastes around the body

119
Q

what are the major function in the cardiovascular system?

A

Major organs: heart, blood vessels, and blood

120
Q

what is the Function of blood?

A

transport oxygen, waste, and hormones

Regulate body temp, PH, and fluid volume

Prevent infection and blood loss

121
Q

what are the Whole blood components?

A

Blood is a connective tissue made of cells in a fluid matrix

The cells are formed elements

122
Q

what is plasma?

A

fluid in the matrix

123
Q

what are Composition of blood?

A

55% plasma

1% white blood cells

44% red blood cells

124
Q

what are the Physical characteristic of blood?

A

Bright red to purplish

Oxygen blood is purplish

Dexoygen blood is red

Blood is 5 times thicker

125
Q

what is in plasma?

A

90% water

10% carried along the blood

3 proteins: globulin, albumin, fibring

126
Q

what are blood 3 Formed Elements?

A

: Erythrocytes, Leukocyte, Platelets

127
Q

what is Erythrocytes?

A

Erythrocytes:
red blood cells
No organelles or nucleus so it doesn’t use up oxygen it’s carrying

Froms from blood marrow

128
Q

what is Erythrocytes function?

A

Function: transport oxygen around the body via hemoglobin

129
Q

what is Hemoglobin?

A

Contain 4 chains called globin

Hold 4 O2

130
Q

what is Leukocytes?

A

White blood cells

Protect the body from foreign cells

131
Q

what is Platelets?

A

Tiny fragment

Responsible for blood clotting when vessels is broken

Blood must clot so it doesn’t bleed out

132
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

between the lungs

133
Q

what is the Aplex?

A

pointed towards the left hip

134
Q

What are the layers of the heart?

A

Pericardium: outer covering

Fibrous: provide protect and anchors the heart in place

Serous: lubricating fluid

Visceral

135
Q

what are layers of the heart wall?

A

Epicardium:
Myocardia: thick layer mucus contraction
Endocardia:

136
Q

what is the Pulmonary loop?

A

Pulmonary loop: from the heart to the lungs and back. Pick O2 and drops co2

Majour blood vessels:
Truck & vense

137
Q

what is the Systemic loop?

A

from the heart to the body tissues and back drop o2 and picks co2

Majour blood vessels:
venae cave: superior and inferior
Aorta

138
Q

what is Anatomy of the heart?

A

four chambers: R atrium L atrium R ventricle L ventricle

139
Q

what is Oxygenated and Deoxygenate blood?

A

Oxygenated blood: left

Deoxygenate: right

140
Q

what is septum?

A

separates the two sides of the heart

141
Q

Major external structures of the heart?

A

Superior vena cava

Right atrium

Coronary blood vessels

Right ventricle

Inferior vena cava

Aorta

Left atrium

Left ventricle

Apex

142
Q

Major internal structures?

A

Valves: flops of tissues that prevent blood from flowing backwards

143
Q

what is Atrioventricular?

A

Atrioventricular: valves between aria and ventricles

R tricuspid valve

L bicuspid valve

144
Q

Semilunar valves?

A

Semilunar valves: between ventricles and major blood vessels

R pulamory

L aortic

145
Q

What is the trace of blood flow?

A

blue: body tissuse, superior/ inferior vena cava, right atrium, right ventricle, plumonary artiers, lungs

Red: from the lungs, pulmonary veins, left artims, left ventricles, aorta

146
Q

what is Trace of the intrinsic conduction system?

A

SA node, AV node, AV bundle, branches, Purkinje fibers

147
Q

what is diastole?

A

Diastole: relaxation of the heart and filling blood

Attovolt contracting : fills with blood

Av valve close “lub”

148
Q

what is systole?

A

Systole: contraction of heart

Isovolumetric contractions: ventricles are contracts with valves close

Ejection phase:

Semilunar valve close: “dup”

Isovolumetric revelation: ventricles relax with valves close

149
Q

what is cardiac output?

A

Cardiac output: amount of blood pumped by each ventricle

Heartrate X stroke volume

150
Q

what is stroke volume?

A

Stroke volume: is the volume of blood pumped out by ventricles heart beat. Effect by exercise

151
Q

what is Heart rate?

A

of time the heart beast per min. Effect by stress

152
Q

what are the 3 types of blood vessels?

A

Artenes, veins, and capillaries

153
Q

what is the Blood flow from an artery to a vein?

A

Artery, arterioles, capillaries, venule, vein

154
Q

Capillaries is where?

A

blood vessels are gases exchanged. It has one cell layer to allow gas exchange to happen

155
Q

Three layer are found in arteries and veins?

A

Tunica intima: slippery thin layer

Tunica media: thickness layer of mucus

Tunica external: connective tissue that support and protect

156
Q

what are Arteries?

A

Arteries: Thick walls

Receive blood under pressure so they are flexible

157
Q

what are veins?

A

: thin walls receive blood from tissue under low pressure

158
Q

How do veins maintain blood pressure?

A

Muscular pumping: muscles contract and blood of squessing through veins

Respiratory: expands of the chest during inhalation

Valves: large veins that have vavles to prvant back from blood

159
Q

What are the two portions of a capillary?

A

Shunt: shot cut to arties to the veins

True: all tiny portion that exchange gases within the tissue

160
Q

How can capillary sphincter restrict blood flow?

A

By Sphincter

Math (7 decks)

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