bio #4 Flashcards
what is Genetics?
a field of biology that studies heredity or the passing of traits from parents to offspring
what is a Trait?
an inherited characteristic, such as eye color or hair color
what is an allele?
one or two or more different forms of a gene, specific DNA sequence
what is genes?
specific locations or loci on the chromosome that contain an allele. May produce polypeptides
what is a genotype?
the specific combination of alleles an organism has for a trait Pp phenotype: the physical description of an organism’s trait blue eyes
what is the Law of segregation?
Mendelian law stating that two alleles for each trait separate during meiosis, each gametes carry only one allele for each gene
what is the Law of dominance?
one person with dominance allele will display the effect of the dominance allele
what is Dominant?
allele for a purple flower are PP or Pp because their dominant trait
what is Recessive?
allele for a white flower would be pp.
what is Homozygous?
dominant or ressive an organism with two of the same alleles for a particular trait PP or pp
what is Heterozygous?
an organism with two different alleles for a particular trait Pp individual will show what one is dominate allele heterozygous
what is Mendel and peas?
studied pea true breeding staring of family pea pods. He discovers each plant has one factors one trait is dominate over other.
He didn’t know homo true breeding or hybrid is heterozygote or that meiosis is why each gamete gets only one allele each time he did the experiment he counted the second generation and their was ratio to 3:1
what is True-breeding?
plant in a true-breeding strain when crossed together will have offsprings the same (homozygous)
what is a Genetic cross?
breeding between men and women
what is a Monohybrid cross?
a genetic cross between parents that differs by only one trait being studied
what is Hybrid?
means heterozygous with two different races mate together.
what is a Test cross?
when they don’t know someone is homo dominant or hetro they cross unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive.
what is Incomplete dominance?
one allele is only partially dominant over the other allele eg. Red RR pink Rr white rr ( when there are 3 phenotypes)
what is Codominance?
more than one allele that is dominant eg. IA IB is dominant and I is recessive this cause effects the phenotype
what is X-link?
a trait controlled by gene on sex chromie gene being studied is on the x chromosome, use x to show what’s on that chromosome. Only Femal’s can be carrier Xr XR. Colored is affected white is normal half color is carrier if an offspring is affected the women must be carrier or has it
what is a Pedigree?
Visual representation of how a trait is inherited in different generations.
what is Autosomal inheritance?
trait that is caused by an allele in a gene on autosome ( chromosome that not x or y)
what is Law of independent assortment?
Mendelian law that states that two alleles for one gene segregate independently of the alleles for other genes during gamete formation in meiosis.
what is Gene linkage?
genes that tend to be inherited together this discovery began the realization that inheritance of many traits can be more complex than Mendel’s
what is Carcinogen?
substance or agent know to cause cancer eg. Tabacco smoke
what is cancer?
the uncontrolled growth and division of cells. More than one change in DNA is required to change a abnormal cell into cancer. They are caused by mutations that the repair system failed. Cancer could result.
what is Ultraviolet radiation?
a energy type that emitters by the sun and other sources that human cannot see or feel. That sunscreen is recommended. Or x-rays.
what is DNA technology?
laboratory methods used to manipulate and analyze DNA eg. DNA profile used in law enforcement, genetic medical testing, genetic material in agricultural crops.
what is Artificial insemination?
a process that involves collecting and concentrating sperm, and then placing it in the female’s uterus.
what is IVF?
a process that results in a female’s eggs being fertilized by sperm outside of the body.
what is Genetic testing?
: using DNA tech to determine if an individual carries a particular allele, often done to determine if an individual carries a disease-causing allele. Once baby is conceived genetic testing can be done. Chorionic villus: diagnosis chromosome abnormalities and genetic defects but can cause miscarriage infection, and defects in newborn.
what is Amniocentesis?
: diagnosis chromosome abnorabllity and other defects can cause discomfort, risk of infection and miscarriage.
what is Chorionic villus?
diagnosis chromosome abnormalities and genetic defects but can cause miscarriage infection, and defects in newborn.
what is Genetic screening?
test done when a newborn is born take blood out of heal
what is Cloning?
the process of making an exact copy of a cell or an organism eg. Bacteria Dolly in 1997 first mammal clone involves somatic cell nuclear transfer. Many clones die in the early stage of fetus development also very few offspring are born have many abnormalities that why debate over and an ethical practice.
what is Genetically modified organism(gmo)?
an organism that has had genes from another species inserted from another species inserted into DNA. Less expensive to purify human insulin in bacteria also crops like canola to improve productivity. To taste and to bugs. Concerns about GMO is their are unknowns, and that’s it’s unnatural. Worried that scientist will make a organism that can’t be controlled. hazardous to our health. in Canada they must labeled it.
what is Gene therapy?
experimental treatment to cure genetic disorders. It insets healthy normal form of a gene into the cells of tissues that are affected by a disorder. They can replace or supplement the effect of the disorder
what are some concern?
they help some people like sickle cell but other were negatively affected this caused to stop. It still a way to cure,
how many pair of chromosomes are there?
23 pairs
how many allels for each gene?
2
what dominance is results in partial expression
incomplete domiance
what dominance is results in fully expression?
codomiance
