Bio test1

Question 1

6 structural organization of human body
(c c t o o o)

Answer 1

1. Chemical level: (atoms) h2o
2. Cellular level: (smallest functionnal unit of organism)
3. Tissue level: (assembly of similae cells working together to fulfill specific fonction
4. Organ level: differet types of tissues regroup together to form organ
5. Organ system level: organs join with other organs to work + accomplish greater function
6. Organism level: All work together organs systems allow an organism to live healthy

Question 2

the 3 organ systems:

Answer 2

1.Nervous system
- Brain, spinal cord
2.Endocrine system
-thyroidgland, pancreas, adreanal glands
3.Reproductive system
- produce sex hormones + gamètes

Question 3

Transport accross cell membrane (2):

carton 5-6

Answer 3

1. Passive: omosis, diffusion, facillited diffudion
2. Active: cell membrane movement, pumps

Question 4

Strucure nervous system:
2 nervous systems

Answer 4

-Central nervous system (cns)
-peripheral nervous system (pns)

Question 5

types of cell making the nervous tissue (2):

Answer 5

Neurons: fontional units for communication unique, high spicialized cells
Glial cells: provide support, structure, protection to neuron

Question 6

nervous tissues:
difference btw gray/white matter

Answer 6

white: Axon covvered by myelon + increse speed at which nerve impulses travel along axon
gray: cell bodied and dendrites

Question 7

nervous system functional divisions: 3 (sir)

Answer 7

1.sensation:
-body senses its external/internal environment, react to stimuli
-internal sensors monito changes in body’s equilibrium
2.integration:
-Analysis of info by CNS
-Before final response produced = stimulus is compared to similar ones seen previously, witth memories/emotional state of a person
3.response:
-adapted to stimulus perceived by sensory division
-responses triggered can be volontary/not (somatic and autonomic)

Question 8

cells parts:
1.neuron
2.dentrites

12b

Answer 8

1. send electrical signals
   -convey infos
   -produce movement
   -produce thoughts
   2.receive info from other neuron
   -transmit info to cell body/soma

Question 9

cells parts:
1.soma
2.axon

Answer 9

1.receive signal from dendrites
-decide to generat A.P/not +sends it trough axon
-contain nucleus (DNA)
2.1 per neuron
-axon terminal gets into contact with other neuron by the synaptic bulbs

Question 10

1.A.P
2.Synapse
3.Myelin
4. nodes of ranvier

Answer 10

1.electral impulses travels down neuron
2.space btw neuron where neurotransmitter are exchanged
3.glial cell wrapped around axon creat insulation sheath
4.gap in myelin, protect + increase transmission

Question 11

what is multiple sclerosis

Answer 11

-autoimune disease
-antibodies attack mylin
-destruction of mylein in CNS
s-omatic+autonomic deficits

Question 12

Cell membrane
4 passive transport
1 active transport

Answer 12

-keeps things in/out cell
1.Ligand-gatedchannels
2.Open gated channels
3.Mechanically-gated channels
4. Voltage-gated channels

1. Ions pumps

Question 13

types of channels: 4

Answer 13

1.Ligand-gated channels
2.Open-gated channels
3.Mechanically-gated channels
4.Voltage-gated channels

Question 14

Ligand-gated channels:

Answer 14

-ligand binds to channels + causes it to open
-ions can go trhough following the concentration gradient

Question 15

Mechanically-gated cahnnels:

Answer 15

-Channels opens following a change of shape of cell membrane (temp/pressure)
-ions flow through following concentration gradient

Question 16

1.Membrane Potention (MP)
Voltage-gated channels

Answer 16

1.electrical state of cell membrane/varies in time.
MP comes from charges in/out of cell
2. sensitive to chance in voltage of cell membrane (-70)
if inner voltage varies, gates removed + channels opens

Question 17

1.Leakage channels
2.Pumps

Answer 17

1. They open/close freely to let ions in/out
   -important in setting the resting membrane potential
   2.using energy from cell, it shuttles Na+ and k+ against their concentration gradients

Question 18

how to reset Membrane potential:

Answer 18

Leakage channels works
NA+, k+ pumps are active
all other types of channels close
-70mV

Question 19

1.Spatial summation
2.Temporal summation

Answer 19

1. Multiple graded potential from multiple dendrites, add up over period of time (several neuron to one)
   2.multiple graded potentials from SAME dendrites, add up over period of time (1 neuron sending repeated signals)

Question 20

synapses: 2
junction btw 2 neurons

Answer 20

Chemical
electrical

Question 21

Chemical synapse

Answer 21

Neurotransmitters are release from presynaptic element (neuron) into synaptic clef

Question 22

Electrical sysnapse

Answer 22

Ions pass from 1 neuron to other causing second neuron to depolarize, pursuing transmission of signal