Bio reproductive sys.

Question 1

seminiferous tubules:
importance cells participating in sperm prod.
-sertoli cells
-gemrs cells

Answer 1

-sertoli cells: promote sperm prod. + control germ cell development
-Germ cells: cells that goes through spermatogenesis

Question 2

Spermatogenisis:
Where, when?
reduce why?
Spermatogonium

Answer 2

seminiferous tubules+ start at puberty
reduce with age after 35, smoking
immature germ cell that goes through meiosis to = 4 mature sperm

Question 3

Spermatogenisis:
Steps

Answer 3

1. Spermatogonium divides to form 2 identical cells. Only 1, the primary spermatocyte goes through spermatogenesis
   2.Primatocyte divides (meiosis) + reduce number chromosome in half = second spermatocyte
   3.secondary spermatocytes continue meiosis which produce 4 spermatids
2. Spermatogenesis (maturation process) transform spermatids u=into 4 mature sperms

Question 4

anatomy sperm:

Answer 4

Head: contains chromosomes, covered with acrosome -contain digestive enzyme (important for fertilization)
mid-piece: energy center ATP created, energy powers the tail
Tail: Flagellum that beats to propel sperm through female reproductive sys. to meet egg

Question 5

Path of sperm:
-sperm travel from seminiferous tubules to epididymis:

Answer 5

-coiled tube where sperm cell mature (12 days)
-smooth muscle contraction push sperm forward until m love on it own
- mature cells sperm stored in epididymis until ejaculation

Question 6

During ejaculation sperms follow a serie of ducts until reach penis:
1. Vas deferens

Answer 6

-begins in scrotum+ extend into abdominal cavity
-vasectomy: cutting + sealing section of vas deferens prevent sperm exit scrotum

Question 7

Fluids in semen:
-1 seminal vesicles

Answer 7

fluid procuced delivered into last part vas deferens
seminal fluid contains Fructose (sugar) sustain tail movements

Question 8

during ejaculation sperms follow a serie of ducts until reach penis:
2.Ejaculatory duct

Answer 8

-sperm + seminal fluid continu their way inside ejaculatory duct
makes link btw vas deferen + urethra
meeting point with prostate gland

Question 9

Fluids in semen:
-2 alkaline in prostate glang

Answer 9

contertact acidic PH of vagina

Question 10

prostate dissorders:

Answer 10

BPH benigh prostate hyperplasia
prostate cancer

Question 11

Fluids in semen:
-3 bulbouvethral gland

Answer 11

produce fluid lubricate ends of urethra + clean urine residues, released during arousal

Question 12

male produced hormones:
testosterone
-functions (3)
-know feedback loop

Answer 12

steroid hormone produced by leydig cells of testes.
1.initiate physical changes at puberty + spermatogenesis
2.keep reproductive sys. working properly
3. muscles development, bone growth, sex drive (male and female)

Question 13

Vuval:
1.mons pubis
2 labia majora
2 labia minora
4.clitoris
5. hymen
6 vaginal opening

Answer 13

1.layer of fat found over pubic bone, covered with pubic hair

Question 14

ovaries:

Answer 14

female oocyte
oocytes develop in ovary inside ovarian follicules
produce sex hormones

Question 15

utherine tubes:

Answer 15

-guide oocyte from ovaries to uterus
-not physically link to ovaries
-have fimbriae to “catch” secondary oocyte opon release
-fertilization of secondary oocyte by sperm

Question 16

uterus:
3 sections
utherine wall (3)

Answer 16

-muscular organ supports growth embryo
-devided 3 sections:
1.fondus (superior)
2.body (middle)
3.cervix (inferior)
utherine wall:
1 Permetrium: connective tissues (outermost layer
2.Myomentrium: smooth muscle layer that contracts during delivery menstruations
3.endometrium: implation site for zygote (inner most layer)

Question 17

Oogenesis:
-when
steps:

Answer 17

-start during fetal dev. stops and restart puberty
1.During fetal dev. oogonium devices + forms primary oocyte. process stops until puberty
2. LH stimulates oogenesis to continue + primary oocyte transform into secondary oocyte and polar body
3. once a month, secondary oocyte released from ovary at ovulation
4. mature ovum, if fertilized, become first cells of zygote

Question 18

Ovarian cycle:
follicular phase

Answer 18

1.Hypo produces GnRH reaches ant. pit.
2. Ant. pit. produce FSH + LH send it blood stream
3. FSH reaches ovaries + stimulates follicles grow
3b. LH reaches ovaries + stimulate prod. estrogen. follicles growth increases prod. estrogen increases concentration in blood
4. High estrogen concentration detected by hypo = stop GnRH. Ant. Pit. stops FSH and LH
5. one dominant follical survives + it will release oocyte at ovulation

Question 19

ovarian cycle:
ovulation

Answer 19

1. dominant follicule continues secrete estrogen
   2.ant. pit. seret large amount FSH + LH
2. burst of LH reactivates oogenesis + primary oocyte becomes secondary oocyte. LH triggers expulsion of secondary oocyte from follicule (ovulation

Question 20

Ovarian cycle:
Luteal phase

Answer 20

1.cells becomes the corpus luteum (endocrine structure)
2. corpus lutuem produces large amount progesterone
3.progesteron triggers negative feedback loop decreasing GnRH, FSH, LH
4.If not prego+ corpus luteum disintegreates = stops producing progesterone
5negative feedback loop stops GnRH, FSH, LH start again. new cycle starts

Question 21

Path of secondary oocyte

Answer 21

1.after ovulation, secondary oocyte must enter fallopian tube (by fimbriae)
2.smooth muscle contraction + beating cilia puch secondary oocyte towards uterus
3. on the way to uterus, fertilization happens
4.Becomes mature ovum, then zygote
5. first cell division start inside fallopian tubes as zygote go to uterus
6.zygote NEED to implant itself into endromitrium to continue growth
-successful implatation= signal corpus luteum to secrete more progesterone = pregnancy
-no implatation= no signal sent, it dies, endometrium becomes thinner+ shed = no pregnancy

Question 22

Menstruation cyle:
1. Menses phase
2. Proliferative phase
3. Secretory phase

Answer 22

1.endrometrium is shed with unfertilized secondary oocyte
-last around 5 days
-progesterone+ FSH + LH= low
2.endometrium grows again stimulated by more estrogen concentration
-ovulation typically happens on day 14
3.Progesterone produced by corpus luteum initiates secretory phase
-endrometrium gets thinker, ready receive developing enbryo
-if not back to phase 1

Question 23

in vitro fertilization

Answer 23

1.egg collection by ulrasounds + seringe
2sperms cell collecting by parner/bank
3.egg + sperm mix in petri dish or sperm in egg
4. embryo incubated until grow enough
5.embryo transferred women uterus

Question 24

Hormones of pregnancy:
1.Estrogen (6)

Answer 24

-produced by placenta
-supress FSH + LH (prevent ovulation)
-induce fetal tissues growth + maturation of organs
-Promote fetal viability
-control progesterone production
-stimulates maternal tissue growth

Question 25

Hormones of pregnancy:
2.Progesterone (4)

Answer 25

• produced by corpus luteum, later by placenta
• promote growth endrometrium
  -suppress FSH + LH production
  -Inhibit uterine contractions

Question 26

Hormones of pregnancy:
3.hCG (human chronic genodotropin) (3)

Answer 26

-Produced by placenta after implentation
-detected by pregnancy test
- promote survival of corpus luteum

Question 27

Hormones of pregnancy:
4.Relaxin (2)

Answer 27

-secreted by corpus luteum + placenta
-increased elasticity of joints + ligaments

Question 28

Hormones of pregnancy:
5. Prolactin

Answer 28

stimulate enlargement mammary glands

Question 29

stages of childbirth:

Answer 29

1.cervical dilatation
2. Expulsion of newborn
3.Afterbirth