Bio Test Eukaryotes Part One: Organelles And Their Functions

Question 1

Parts of nucleus

Answer 1

Organelle found in eukaryotic organism, containing genetic material, rounded structure bounded by double membrane
Nuclear envelope
Chromosomes
nucleolus

Question 2

Nuclear Envelope

Answer 2

Encloses nucleus, separating contents from cytoplasm

Question 3

Chromosomes

Answer 3

Contains DNA wrapped in proteins called histones. Within Nucleus

Question 4

Nucleolus

Answer 4

Located within nucleus, makes ribosomes

Question 5

Ribosome

Answer 5

Protein factories of cell
Made of ribosomal RNA and protein
Bind messenger RNA and transfer RNA to synthesize polypeptides and proteins (protein synthesis)
Found in cytoplasm

Question 6

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Job
Distinct regions

Answer 6

Network of membranous tubules within the cytoplasm
of a eukaryotic cell,
Continuous with the nuclear membrane

Smooth ER - metabolizes carbs, synthesizes lipids, stores calcium detoxifies poison, LACKS RIBOSOMES

Rough ER - Has bound ribosomes, produces proteins and membranes, then distributed by transport vesicles

Question 7

Smooth ER

Rough ER

Answer 7

Smooth ER - metabolizes carbs, synthesizes lipids, stores calcium detoxifies poison, LACKS RIBOSOMES

Rough ER - Has bound ribosomes, produces proteins and membranes, then distributed by transport vesicles

Question 8

The golgi
The golgi apparatus
The golgi complex
The golgi body

Answer 8

Shipping and receiving center
Receives many of transport vesicles from rough ER
Consists of flattened membranous sacs called cisternae

Functions: Modification of the products of rough Er
Manufacture of certain macromolecules

Question 9

Lysosomes

Answer 9

Digestive compartments
Membranous sac of digestive enzymes
Digests macromolecules
Carry out intracellular digestion by phagocytosis

Autophagy - regulated destructive mechanism of the
cell that disassembles unnecessary or dysfunctional components, delivering cytoplasmic components to lysosome

Question 10

Phagocytosis

Answer 10

The ingestion of bacteria or other material by phagocytes and amoeboid protozoans

Question 11

Autophagy

Answer 11

Regulated destructive mechanism of the cell that disassembles unnecessary or dysfunctional components, delivering cytoplasmic components to lysosome

Question 12

Vacuoles

Answer 12

Diverse maintenance components
Food vacuoles are formed by phagocytosis
Contractile vacuoles, found in plant cells, hold reserves of important organic compounds and water

Cell may have one or several vacuoles
ONLY exists in protists cells that live in fresh water

Question 13

Relationship between mitochondria and chloroplasts

Answer 13

Change energy from one form to another

Question 14

Mitochondria

Answer 14

Sites of cellular respiration
Found in nearly all euks

Encloses by two membranes - smooth outer membrane and inner membrane folded into

Question 15

Cristae

Answer 15

A fold in the inner membrane of a mitochondrion

Question 16

Chloroplasts

Answer 16

Found only in plants, sites of photosynthesis

Contain chlorophyll
Found in any green plants and algae
Many

Includes - Thylakoids Membranous sacks, Stroma the internal fluid similar to cytoplasm

Question 17

Cellular respiration

Answer 17

Glucose + O2 turns into carbon dioxide + water + energy
Energy turns ADP into ATP - molecule that calls use for cellular processes
Done in mitochondria

Question 18

Peroxisomes: Oxidation

Answer 18

Detoxify toxic substances (about 25% ethanol is oxidized to acetaldehyde)
Breaks down long chains of fatty acids

Named because in one chemical reaction they produce hydrogen peroxide and in another they convert it to water

Question 19

Cytoskeleton

Answer 19

A network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm that organizes structures and activities in the cell
Gives mechanical support to the cell

Involved in cell motility, which utilizes motor proteins

Question 20

Microtubules

Answer 20

Shape the cell
Makes up cytoskeleton
Shares functions of cytos, but has others
Help with movement of organelles
Help separate the chromosome copies in dividing cells, happens in centrosome

Question 21

Centrosome and centrioles

Answer 21

Considered to be a microtubule organizing center
Help separate chromosome copies in dividing cells
Only in animal cells

Made of two centrioles - centrioles look like churros, in T shape

Question 22

Cilia and flagella

Answer 22

Contain specialized arrangements of microtubules
are locomotor appendages of some cells

Flagella move in whip beating pattern
Cilia move back and forth, like rows on boat

Both are used to move the organism

Question 23

Centrioles

Answer 23

A centriole is a small set of microtubules arranged in a T
There are nine groups of microtubules.
Found next to eachother
Move towards the poles (opposite ends) of the nucleus during cell division

Question 24

Cell membrane

Answer 24

Functions as a selective barrier
Made up of a phospholipid bilayer
Allows Sufficient passage of nutrients and waste
Outside layer - likes water - hydrophilic
Inside is hydrophobic

Question 25

Plant cell walls

Answer 25

Extracellular structure
May have multiple layers
Made of cellulose fibers embedded in polysaccharides or protein

Question 26

Animal Cells Extracellular

Answer 26

The extracellular matrix ECM of animal cells
Animal cells lack cell walls
Animal cells are covered by an elaborate matrix the ECM made up of glycoproteins and other macromolecules
Support
Adhesion
Movement
Regulation