Bio Chem Test Part One: Nutrition And Reactions Flashcards
Atomic Number
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, which determines the chemical properties of an element and its place in the periodic table
Mass
A measure of the amount of matter in an object
Ionic Bonds
A chemical bond formed between two ions with opposite charges. Ionic bonds form when one atom gives up one or more electrons to another atom
Covalent Bonds
A covalent bond is a chemical link between two atoms or ions where the electron pairs are shared between them. A covalent bond may also be termed a molecular bond. Covalent bonds form between two nonmetal atoms with identical or relatively close electronegativity values
Products
A product is a substance that is formed as the result of a chemical reaction
Reactants
A substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a reaction
Catalyst
A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change
MonoMer
A Self Contained Unit That Can Be Repeated To Make A Polymer. MonoSaCCHaride - Glucose, Fructose. Carbohydrates - monosaccharides. Lipids - glycerol and fatty acids. Nucleic acids - nucleotides. Proteins - amino acids.
Dimer
Dimer: a pairing of 2 monomers of the same type:
examples:
carbohydrate- sucrose
lipid- phospholipid A molecule or molecular complex consisting of two identical molecules linked together
PolyMer
Polymer: a set of many monomers of the same type bonded together:
examples:
carbohydrate- cellulose, Amylose
nucleic acid- DNA A substance that has a molecular structure consisting chiefly or entirely of a large number of similar units bonded together, e.g., many synthetic organic materials used as plastics and resins
PolyMerization
A chemical reaction in which two or more molecules combine to form larger molecules that contain repeating structural units — compare The monomer molecules may be all alike, Or they may represent two, three, or more different compounds
DeHydration Synthesis
The monomers combine with each other via covalent bonds to form larger molecules known as polymers. In doing so, monomers release water molecules as byproducts. This type of reaction is known as dehydration synthesis, which means “to put together while losing water Dehydration synthesis is the process of joining two molecules, or compounds
Polymerization
Polymer
Hydrolysis
A chemical process of decomposition involving the splitting of a bond and the addition of the hydrogen cation and the hydroxide anion of water
A Chemical Breakdown Of A Compound Due To It’s Reaction With Water
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen atoms usually in ratio of 1:2:1. Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy. It is also sometimes used to structural purposes. Starches Are Chains, Glucose is hexagon
MonoSaCCHArides
Monosaccharides also called simple sugars, are the most basic units of carbohydrates. They are fundamental units of carbohydrates and cannot be further hydrolyzed to simpler compounds. The general formula is CnH2nOn Ex Glucose, Galactose, Fructose
Isomers
Each of two or more compounds with the same formula but a different arrangement of atoms in the molecule and different properties. Same number of carbons but with a different structure.
Dissacharides
Consists Of Two Simple Sugars Bonded Together Sucrose, Maltose
PolySaccharides
Complex Carbohydrates Formed by Dehydration Synthesis. Starch, corn, potatoes and wheat Stores excess sugar In Plants and Stored As Glycogen Cellulose Found In Every Plant
Lipids
Molecules called lipids have long hydrocarbon chains that determine they way they act. They can be fats, oils, or hormones, and even exist in our cell membranes
Fatty Acids
A carboxylic acid consisting of a hydrocarbon chain and a terminal carboxyl group, especially any of those occurring as esters in fats and oils
Saturated Fats
Saturated fats (margarine, butter, and coconut oil) are not healthy to use regularly because they contribute to heart disease. Saturated fats are solid at room temperature. Fatty Acids All Have Single Bonds As many hydrogens as it can hold
MonoUnsaturated Fats
“mono” means one unsaturated chemical bond. These unsaturated fats are often found in liquid vegetable oils. olive, sesame, and canola oils
Bonds between carbon
PolyUnSaturated Fats
“Poly” means many unsaturated chemical bonds These unsaturated fats are often found in liquid vegetable oils.
Trans Fatty Acids
Artificial trans fats (or trans fatty acids) are created in an industrial process that adds hydrogen to liquid vegetable oils to make them more solid Turn unsaturated fats into saturated
Essential Fatty Acids
Fatty Acids That Your Body Can’t Produce On It’s Own
Omega 3 Omega 6
Functions Of Fat
Provides Energy, Maintains Body Temperature, Used In Cell Membranes
Triglycerides
Derived from glycerol and three fatty acids.
Triglycerides are the main constituents of body fat
Triglycerides provide your body with energy, but their main function is to store energy for later use.
The food you eat contains calories in the form of carbohydrates, protein and fat
What Are Three Kinds Of Lipids
Triglycerides, Steroids, Phospholipids
Structure Of Proteins
The primary structure of a protein refers to the linear sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain. The primary structure is held together by covalent bonds such as peptide bonds, which are made during the process of protein biosynthesis Contain Nitrogen Carbon Hydrogen And Oxygen
Function Of Proteins
They do most of the work in cells and are required for the structure, function, and regulation of the body’s tissues and organs. Proteins are made up of hundreds or thousands of smaller units called amino acids, which are attached to one another in long chains.
How Many Amino Acids Are There
20 9 Essential
What Is An R Group
Differentiates Amino Acids
What Are Essential Amino Acids
Amino Acids That Your Body Can’t Produce
Dipeptides
When two amino acids are joined together, a dipeptide is formed. A special chemical bond called a peptide bond holds together two amino acids.
The Bond In A DiPeptide Called And How Is It Formed
A process called dehydration synthesis is used to join amino acids by forming a peptide bond
Polypeptides
A linear organic polymer consisting of a large number of amino-acid residues bonded together in a chain, forming part of (or the whole of) a protein molecule
What Determines The Shape Of A Protein Why Is The Shape So Important
The function of a protein is determined by its shape. The shape of a protein is determined by its primary structure (sequence of amino acids). The sequence of amino acids in a protein is determined by the sequence of nucleotides in the gene (DNA) encoding it
More Functions Of Proteins
Control Rate Of Reactions Regulate Cell Processes Transport Substances Into Or Out Of Cells Form Bones And Muscles Help To Fight Disease Antibodies Communicate With Other Cells Hormes
Ezymes
Enzymes are biological molecules (typically proteins) that significantly speed up the rate of virtually all of the chemical reactions that take place within cells.
They are vital for life and serve a wide range of important functions in the body, such as aiding in digestion and metabolism.
Cataclyst
Functions Of Enzymes
Some enzymes help
break large molecules into smaller pieces that are more easily absorbed by the body.
Other enzymes help bind two molecules together to produce a new molecule.
Enzymes are highly selective catalysts, meaning that each enzyme only speeds up a specific reaction.
Cataclyst
What Happens When Enzymes Are De Natured How
Change the pH and the enzyme stops working. Increasing the temperature to 60°C will cause a permanent change to the shape of the active site. This is why enzymes stop working when they are heated. We say they have become denatured.
CataClyst
Control
Experimental controls are mechanisms in science that eliminate extraneous factors that might otherwise affect the results of an experiment
Four groups of organic compounds found in living things are
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Proteins
Nucleic Acid
Stores and transmit genetic information
Polymers
Made from monomers known as nucleotides
Nucleotides are made of
5 carbon sugar
A phosphate group
A nitrogenous base
Two types of nucleic acids
Ribonucleic acid
Deoxyribonucleic acid
