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Bio test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Plants are members of the eukaryotic supergroup​ ________ ,​ and their closest relatives are​ _________.

A

​Archaeplastida; charophyte green algae.

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2
Q

what characteristic is shared by algae and seed plants

A

chloroplasts

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3
Q

The closest algal relatives of land plants are​ __________

A

charophytes

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4
Q

Which of the following traits was most important in enabling the first plants to move onto​ land?

A

the development of sporopollenin to prevent the desiccation of zygotes

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5
Q

The diploid generation of the plant life cycle always​ __________.

A

produces spores

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6
Q

Which of the following statements correctly describes the colonization of terrestrial habitats by​ plants?

A

It occurred in conjunction with fungi that helped provide them with nutrients from the soil.

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7
Q

Which of the following characteristics of plants is absent in their closest​ relatives, the charophyte​ algae?
alternation of multicellular generations
sexual reproduction
cellulose in cell walls
chlorophyll b

A

alternation of multicellular generations

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8
Q

Which of the following organisms were most likely the direct ancestors of​ plants?
liverworts and mosses
kelp​ (brown alga) that formed large beds near the shorelines
photosynthesizing prokaryotes​ (cyanobacteria)
green algae

A

green algae

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9
Q

In​ plants, which of the following are produced by​ meiosis?
d/h mi/mei

A

haploid spores

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10
Q

About 450 million years​ ago, the terrestrial landscape on Earth would most likely have had which of the following​ features?

completely bare​ rock, with little pools that contained cyanobacteria and protists
tall forests in swamps
​nonvascular, green plants similar to liverworts forming green mats on rock
​flowers, grasses,​ shrubs, and trees

A

​nonvascular, green plants similar to liverworts forming green mats on rock

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11
Q

Haploid of diploid?
gametophy
sporophyte
spore
zygote

A

H: Gameto + spore
D: Sporo + zygote

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12
Q

Which of the following assumptions led to the hypothesis that the first plants exhibited​ low, sprawling​ growth?

A

The ancestors of​ plants, green​ algae, lacked the structural support to stand erect in air.

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13
Q

Which of the following biological molecules contributes to the structural integrity of plant​ spores?

A

sporopollenin

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14
Q

Which of the following factors most likely helped early plants colonize​ land?

A

formation of mutualistic associations with fungi

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15
Q

Which of the following statements about the transition from ocean to land by plants is most likely to be​ accurate?
The transition to land occurred within a few generations.
Rising sea levels favored individuals that were able to survive​ ever-drier conditions.
The high light levels of terrestrial systems favored individuals that contained flexible photosynthetic enzyme systems.
The transition to land was likely​ gradual, with plants evolving traits that let them survive​ ever-drier conditions.

A

The transition to land was likely​ gradual, with plants evolving traits that let them survive​ ever-drier conditions.

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16
Q

In which of the following structures of a plant are apical meristems​ found?

A

shoots + roots

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17
Q

what do stomata do

A

Stomata allow gases to diffuse into and out of the plant.

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18
Q

The evolution of vascular tissue in plants facilitated which of the following​ changes?

A

the ability to grow taller

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19
Q

D or H: sporo and gamto

A

Sporophytes are​ diploid, whereas gametophytes are haploid.

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20
Q

Most​ bryophytes, such as​ mosses, differ from all other plants in that they​ _____.

A

lack true leaves and roots

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21
Q

In contrast to​ bryophytes, in vascular plants the dominant stage of the life cycle is the​ __________.

A

sporophyte

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22
Q

Which of the following characteristics is found in heterosporous​ plants?

A

2 type of sporophyll

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23
Q

Which of the following statements is correct regarding the structure of a​ fern?

A

sporangia are found on the sporophylls

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24
Q

Suppose an efficient conducting system evolved in a moss that could transport water and other materials as high as a tall tree. Which of the following statements about​ “trees” of such a species would be​ accurate?

A

Individuals would probably compete more effectively for access to light.

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25
Q

A life cycle that exhibits alternation of generations includes

A

multicellular haploid organisms and multicellular diploid organisms

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26
Q

In​ plants, the​ ________ produces haploid gametes​ (eggs and​ sperm) by​ mitosis, whereas the​ ________ produces haploid spores by meiosis.

A

​gametophyte; sporophyte

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27
Q

When you look at a pine or maple​ tree, the plant you see is a​ __________.

A

diploid sporophyte

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28
Q

All seed plants​ _____.

A

are heterosporous

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29
Q

the adaptation that made possible the colonization of dry land environments by seed plants is most likely the result of the evolution of​ _____.

A

pollen

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30
Q

The major difference between angiosperms and gymnosperms comes from the​ __________.

A

presence or absence of a protective covering over the ovule

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31
Q

Which of the following is a major trend in land plant evolution over the past 200 million​ years?

A

the trend toward a​ sporophyte-dominated life cycle

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32
Q

Where in an angiosperm would you find a​ megasporangium?

A

within an ovule contained within an ovary of a flower

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33
Q

In seed​ plants, which of the following is part of a pollen grain and has a function most like that of the seed​ coat?

A

sporopollenin

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34
Q

Which of the following plant structures most directly produces the pollen tube of​ angiosperms?

A

male gametophyte

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35
Q

Which of the following functions is an advantage of seeds compared to​ spores?

A

containing a nutrient store for a developing sporophyte

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36
Q

Which of the following statements describes a difference between seed plants and​ ferns?

A

seed plants produce two kinds of spores

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37
Q

What are the products of meiosis in the life cycle of a seed​ plant?

A

Megaspores or microspores

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38
Q

In​ gymnosperms, megaspores develop into​ __________.

A

female gametophytes

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39
Q

In​ pine, the embryo develops within the​ ________

A

female gametophyte

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40
Q

Which of the following answers arranges the structures found on male pine trees from the largest structure to the​ smallest?

A

​sporophyte, pollen​ cone, microsporangia,​ microspores, pollen nuclei

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41
Q

Which of the following generations in the conifer life cycle most directly produces the integument of a pine​ seed?

A

female sporophyte

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42
Q

Many types of plants produce fruit which is eaten by animals. The seeds of these plants are typically undigestible. Which of the following is an advantage for plants having undigestible​ seeds?

A

It allows the seeds to be dispersed into other areas.

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43
Q

Angiosperms are different from all other plants because only they have​ _____.

A

flowers

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44
Q

Unlike most​ angiosperms, grasses are pollinated by wind. As a​ consequence, some unnecessary parts of grass flowers have almost disappeared. Which of the following parts would you expect to be most reduced in a grass​ flower?

A

petals

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45
Q

Which of the following is a characteristic that distinguishes gymnosperms and angiosperms from other​ plants?

A

ovules

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46
Q

Many mammals have skins and mucous membranes that are sensitive to secretions of plants like poison oak. These secondary compounds are primarily adaptations that function in which of the following​ ways?

A

to inhibit herbivory

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47
Q

Immature seed cones of conifers are usually green before​ pollination, and flowers of grasses are inconspicuously colored. What does this indicate about how they are​ pollinated?

A

They are probably wind pollinated.

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48
Q

What type of cell division does the generative of a male angiosperm gametophyte cell undergo to produce sperm​ cells?

A

mitosis

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49
Q

Stamens, sepals,​ petals, carpels, and pinecone scales are types of which of the following​ structures?

A

modified leaves

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50
Q

Which of the following describes a difference between​ wind-pollinated angiosperms compared with animal pollinated​ plants? Wind pollenated plants​ ________.

A

produce much more pollen because winds disperse pollen randomly

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51
Q

Human survival depends on the produce of​ __________.

A

angiosperms (ag)

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52
Q

Which of the following statements are correct with regard to what physicians and pharmacists need to know about​ plants?

A

Land plants produce poisons and medicines.

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53
Q

Which of the following problems will likely increase if the human population continues to​ increase?

A

reduction in plant and animal diversity

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54
Q

A leaf would best be described as a

A

plant organ.

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55
Q

Root hairs are important to a plant because they​ _____

A

increase the surface area for absorption

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56
Q

Which of the following is correctly matched with its tissue​ system?

guard​ cells, with ground tissue
​phloem, with epidermis
​cortex, with ground tissue system
​xylem, with ground tissue system
​pith, with vascular tissue system

A

​pith, with vascular tissue system

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57
Q

Which of the following plant parts absorbs most of the water and minerals taken up from the​ soil?

A

root hairs

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58
Q

Which of the following biological molecules is specific to woody sclerenchyma​ cells?
cellulose
starch
chlorophyll
lignin

A

lignin

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59
Q

Some understory plants in dense tropical rain forests have very large leaves. Which of the following is the most likely selective advantage of these​ leaves?

A

Increased leaf surface area maximizes light absorption for photosynthesis under low light intensity

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60
Q

Which of the following describes an anatomical difference between roots and​ leaves?

A

a waxy cuticle covers leaves but is absent from roots

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61
Q

Which of the following cell types retains the ability to undergo cell​ division?

A

a meristem cell near the root tip

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62
Q

How do cells in a meristem differ from cells in other types of plant​ tissue?

A

they continue to divide

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63
Q

In a meristematic​ region, the cell plate during mitosis is perpendicular to the side of the stem. In what direction will the stem​ grow?

A

vertically in height

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64
Q

Which of the following cells or tissues arise from lateral meristem​ activity?

A

secondary xylem

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65
Q

The primary growth of a plant adds​ __________, and secondary growth adds​ __________

A

​height, thickness

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66
Q

Root apical meristems are found

A

in all roots.

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67
Q

You find a plant unfamiliar to you and observe that it has vascular bundles scattered throughout the stem cross section. What should you conclude about the​ plant?

A

It is a monocot.

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68
Q

A student examining leaf cross sections under a microscope finds many loosely packed cells with relatively thin cell walls. The cells have numerous chloroplasts. What type of cells are​ they?

A

parenchyma

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69
Q

what is the job of the epidermis In plant leaves

A

retention of water

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70
Q

Secondary growth never happens in

A

leaves

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71
Q

​_____ provides cells for secondary growth.

A

Vascular cambium

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72
Q

Vascular cambium forms wood toward the​ stem’s _____ and secondary phloem toward the​ stem’s _____.

A

center, surface

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73
Q

What is the function of​ cork?

A

insulation and waterproofing

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74
Q

How is the supply of vascular cambium​ maintained?

A

y the division of cells

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75
Q

Cell division in the vascular cambium adds to the circumference of a tree trunk and the diameter of roots and stems by adding new​ __________ to the​ layer’s interior and​ __________ to the​ layer’s exterior.

A

xylem and​ phloem

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76
Q

The vascular cambium gives rise to

A

secondary xylem and phloem.

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77
Q

Additional vascular tissue produced as secondary growth in a root originates from which​ cells?

A

vascular cambium

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78
Q

Most of the growth of a plant body is the result of

A

cell elongation.

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79
Q

Plants and animals respond differently to the environment. Which statement most accurately compares the responses of plants and animals to changes in their​ environment?

A

Animals tend to respond to changes in their environment by​ movement; plants tend to respond to changes in their environment by growth.

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80
Q

The diffusion of free water across a selectively permeable membrane is called

A

osmosis

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81
Q

Which of the following is an end product of​ photosynthesis?

A

glucose

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82
Q

Plants must always compromise between maximizing​ __________ and minimizing​ __________.

A

​photosynthesis, water loss

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83
Q

Mycorrhizae are​ _____.

A

mutualistic associations between plant roots and fungi

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84
Q

A student is performing a chemical analysis of xylem sap. This student should not expect to find much​ _____.

A

sugar

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85
Q

Which of the following accurately describes the direction phloem sap can​ flow?

A

from leaves to roots or roots to leaves

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86
Q

A plant developed a mineral deficiency after being treated with a fungicide. What is the most probable cause of the​ deficiency?

A

Mycorrhizal fungi were killed.

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87
Q

Photosynthesis ceases when leaves​ wilt, mainly because

A

stomata​ close, preventing CO 2 from entering the leaf.

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88
Q

What would enhance water uptake by a plant​ cell?

A

positive pressure on the surrounding solution

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89
Q

Which of the following terms describes the physical property that predicts the direction of water flow in​ plants?

A

water potential

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90
Q

water potential

A

water and solutes move out of one​ cell, across the cell​ wall, and into the neighboring cell

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91
Q

How does the same cell differ if it is a flaccid cell compared to a turgid​ cell?

A

The flaccid cell has lower pressure potential.

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92
Q

Compared to a cell with few aquaporins in its​ membrane, a cell containing many aquaporins will have which of the​ following?

A

a faster rate of osmosis

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93
Q

If you place a flaccid plant cell in pure​ water, which of the following will​ occur?

A

Water enters the cell because the flaccid cell has solutes and low water potential.

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94
Q

Which of the following defines the loss of water from the aerial parts of​ plants?

A

Which of the following defines the loss of water from the aerial parts of​ plants?

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95
Q

Most of the water absorbed by a plant is used for what​ purpose

A

to replace water lost during transpiration

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96
Q

Which process provides the main force driving water within xylem​ vessels?

A

evaporation of water through stoma

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97
Q

Which one of the following refers to the loss of water through the stomata in a​ plant’s leaves?

A

transpiration

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98
Q

Which of the following would tend to increase​ transpiration?

A

higher stomatal density

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99
Q

Which of the following is a result of the high​ surface-to-volume ratio of​ leaves?

A

increased CO Subscript 2 absorption

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100
Q

Which of the following best explains decreased photosynthesis in wilted​ leaves?

A

stomata​ close, preventing carbon dioxide from entering the leaf

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101
Q

What is the advantage of having​ small, needlelike​ leaves?

A

decreased transpiration rate

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102
Q

Plants adapted to arid environments are described as which of the​ following?

A

xerophytes

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103
Q

The solute most abundant in phloem sap is​ _____.

A

sugar

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104
Q
A
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105
Q

Essential elements are those

A

required by living organisms to complete their life cycle and reproduce.

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105
Q

An example of a mutualism would be

A

vitamin-producing bacteria that feed off food remnants in the guts of humans.

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106
Q

Topsoil​ _____

A

is a mixture of rock​ fragments, living​ organisms, and humus

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107
Q

The inorganic nutrient most often lacking in crops is​ __________

A

nitrogen

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108
Q

A group of ten tomato plants are germinated and maintained in a large tray with no drainage. After several weeks they all begin to wilt and die despite repeated watering and fertilization. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the plant​ death?

A

a lack of oxygen for the roots

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109
Q

Which of the following properties is least conducive to plant​ growth?

high cation exchange capacity
compacted soil
abundant humus
numerous soil organisms

A

compacted soil

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110
Q

Which of the following soil minerals is most likely leached away by a hard​ rain?

A

NO​3-

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111
Q

What does the​ N-P-K ratio on a package of fertilizer​ indicate?

A

percentages of three important mineral nutrients

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112
Q

Which of the following soil conditions would inhibit the growth of most​ plants?

A

absence of an A horizon

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113
Q

How do plants obtain organic​ molecules?

A

Plants synthesize their own organic molecules

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114
Q

For an element to be considered a macronutrient​ _______

A

it must be required in relatively large amounts

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115
Q

Which of the following experiments is the best way to determine if an element is essential for plant​ growth?

A

Grow a plant using hydroponics with and without the element.

116
Q

Which criteria allow biologists to classify chemicals into macronutrients and​ micronutrients?

A

the quantities of each required by plants

117
Q

Which elements are most often the limiting nutrients for plant​ growth?

A

​nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus

118
Q

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the soil​ __________.

A

convert atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia

119
Q

Do nitrogen fixing bacteria converte nitrate to ammonium or ammonia

A

ammonia

120
Q

The relationship between legumes and Rhizobium is​ __________.

A

mutualistic

121
Q

Mutualistic associations between roots and soil fungi are called​ _____.

A

mycorrhizae

122
Q

Epiphytes are

A

plants that grow on other plants.

123
Q

Which of the following best describes the process of nitrogen​ fixation?

A

converts nitrogen gas into ammonia

124
Q

Which of the following best describes​ epiphytes?

A

plants that grow on other plants but do not obtain nutrients from their hosts

125
Q

While hiking in a​ forest, you notice an unusual plant growing on the branches of a tree. Which of the following criteria will best will help you to determine if this plant is epiphytic or​ parasitic?

A

The roots of a parasitic plant will penetrate through the bark into the xylem.

126
Q

growing taller allows plants to

A

outcompete their neighboring plants

126
Q

Most plants are _______ bc they can generate their own food via

A

photoautotrough, photosynthesis,

127
Q

Which transport pathway is found external to the plasma membrane

A

apoplast

128
Q

_______ predicts the direction of water flower

A

water potential

129
Q

what 2 materials are heavily involved in a component of DNA/RNA of plants

A

Phosphorus and Nitrogen

130
Q

most productive soils are negatively charged. how does this affect anions/cations found in soil

A

anions can easily be leacahe dbc they cannot bind to the neg charged particles

131
Q

which 2 mechanisms led to sedentary ag

A

fertilization + crop rotation

132
Q

Thaspi caerulescen is valuble bc it

A

accumulates large amonts of ZINC

133
Q

which what are the 6 major macronutrients

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfur,

134
Q

_________ is a durable polymer that allowed algae to live above waterlines by
preventing zygotes

A

sporopollen

135
Q

___________ are multicellular organs of a sporophyte in plants. These
structures produce spores

A

sporingia

136
Q

Phylum Anthocerophyta refers to a plant group called the ____________

A

hornworts

137
Q

A pine cone is an example of a ___________

A

strobilus

138
Q

What life cycle is best represented in plants?

A

sporic meosis

139
Q

the ovule is composed of

A

Megasporangium
Megaspore
Integument

140
Q

Which of the following correctly describes the similarities and differences
between seeds and spores
Seeds are unicellular, whereas the spores are multicellular.
Seeds contain nutrients within them, whereas the spores do not.
Seeds are generally smaller than spores.
Neither are equipped with structures to withstand stressful environments

A

Seeds contain nutrients within them, whereas the spores do not

141
Q

Stamens produce ____________ on a flowe

A

pollen

142
Q

Which group of plants exhibits gametophytes that are completely dependent on
the larger sporophyte?

A

gymnosperms

143
Q

____________ represent around 90% of all plants on Earth.

A

angiosperms

144
Q

In conifers, ____________ produce male spores, and ____________ produce
female spores

A

microsporangia; megasporangia

145
Q

Which are the sterile organs of a flower?

A

sepals and petals

146
Q

___________ transports sugars and photosynthates in both upward and
downward directions in a plant

A

Phloems

147
Q

Xylem and phloem made it possible for the development of extensive root and
shoot systems because they perform ____________

A

long-distance transport

148
Q

Nitrifying bacteria can…
a. Convert ammonium to nitrite
b. Convert nitrite to nitrate
c. Convert nitrogenous gas into ammonia
d. Only A & B
e. Only A & C

A

a. Convert ammonium to nitrite
b. Convert nitrite to nitrate

149
Q

What is referred to as the “organic layer” of soil?

A

humus

150
Q

Which of the following is a parasitic plant that we discussed in class?
a. Pitcher plants
b. Venus fly trap
c. Mistletoe
d. Staghorn ferns

A

Mistletoe

151
Q

Which of the following DOES NOT serve as a stimulus for stomatal
opening/closing?
a. Carbon dioxide
b. Cellulose
c. Light
d. Guard cells “internal clock”

A

cellulose

152
Q

branched stem will have to produce ____________ energy for efficient
photosynthetic processes (when compared to a less-branched stem).
a. Less
b. More

A

more

153
Q

Unlike humans, most plants can grow during their lifetime due to
_______________

A

indeterminate growth

153
Q

Because plants have parenchyma cells, collenchyma cells, and sclerenchyma
cells, you can describe plants as being ____________.
a. Multicellular
b. Asexual
c. Unicellular
d. Tendrils

A

multicellular

153
Q

what has inhabited earth for longer, plants or prokaryotes?

A

prokaryotes

154
Q

charophyte algae are known to ave inhabited shallow waters/edges of ponds and lakes. what was an issue they may have faced

A

drying during drought

155
Q

moving from aquatic enviro to terretrial provided plants with what 3 advantages

A

more sun, more CO2, more minerals in soil

156
Q

one of the unique structures found in plants compared to charophytes is stomata which does____

A

exchange of respiratory gases

157
Q

which of the following phyla would have dominant sporopyte:
hepato, anthocero, lyco, bryophyta

A

lycophytes

158
Q

reduced gametophyte size observed in vasc plants suggest bigger sporophytes which does these 3 things

A

protect from UV
provide protection from drying
provide nutrition to gametophytes

159
Q

seed plants are heterosporous and have mega/microsporangia. what is produced in the megasporangia and what is the sex

A

megaspores; female

160
Q

what do coniferophyta species do to make up for the smaller leaf size

A

stay evergreen to perform photosynthesis year round

161
Q

what is the male repro organ in angiosperms

A

stamen

162
Q

what are the 2 funtions of fruits

A

protection and dispersal

163
Q

Green alage is in supergroup _______ and includes 2 types:

A

Archaeplasta: chloro/charopytes

164
Q

______ are protists who are the most similar to land plants

A

charophytes

165
Q

what keeps plant spores from drying out, allowing plants to live on land (Derived from charophytes)

A

sporopollenin

166
Q

what are 3 benefits of moving out of water

A

Bright, direct light
more co2
rich in minerals

167
Q

downside to living outside of water

A

lack of support against gravity

168
Q

One main difference between charophyte an plants is its ________ life cycle with dominant _______

A

Alternation of generations
sporophytes

169
Q

what is different btw the sporinga of charophytes and plants

A

plants have walled sporinga that is protected by sporopollenin

170
Q

what are apicla meristems

A

localized regions of cell division at the tips of roots and shoots
can continuously divide

171
Q

What is the cuticle

A

Waterproof covering on epidermis of plant speices to prevent water loss and microbial invaders

172
Q

5 main adaptations of charophytes and plants

A

alternation of generations
walled spores in sporinga
apical meristems
cuticles
stomata

173
Q

what is vascular tissure

A

cells joined into tubes to transport water and nutrients thru the plant

174
Q

What is the example of nonvasc plants

A

bryophytes

175
Q

3 kinds of bryophytes

A

Hepatophyta (liverworts)
bryophyta (moss)
anthocerophyta (hornworts)

176
Q

sporangium

A

splits open and releases mature spores at tip

177
Q

In vasc plants ______ are larger and more complex

A

sporophytes

178
Q

Xylem
Phloem

A

X: Carres most of water + minerals (flows up)
P: carries sugar, amino, organic products (bidirectional)

179
Q

Microphylls

A

small, spire shaped leaves supported by a single strand of vasc tissure

180
Q

megaphylls

A

highly branched vasc system, greater photosynthetic, greater photosynthesic productivity than microphylls

181
Q

which has better photosynthetic productivity micro or megaphylls

A

megaphhylls

182
Q

sporophylls

A

modified leaves that hold sporangia

183
Q

sori

A

clusters of sporangia in ferns

184
Q

strobili

A

cone-like structure (gymnosperms)

185
Q

most seedless vasc plants are _____sporous

A

homo (gametophyte makes egg and sperm)

186
Q

vasc plants are usually ________sporous

A

hetero

187
Q

Sporophylls make spores

A

sporophylls make spores

188
Q

what is a seed

A

embryonic stage of a plant life cycle
packaged w a supply of nutrients and

189
Q

Mosses and other bryophytes’ life cycles were dominated by
__________
* Ferns and other seedless vascular plants have _______-dominated
life cycles

A

gameto
sporo

190
Q

are the gametophyts visible to the naked eye in gametophytes? sporophytes

A

yes; no

191
Q

seed producing plants are ________ dominated

A

sporophyte

192
Q

which is bigger in seed plants: sporophyte or gaetophyte
what do they provide for eachother

A

Sporophyte is bigger (and
can protect the gametophyte
from UV radiation and
drying)
* Gametophyte can obtain
nutrients from “parental
sporophyte

193
Q

Gametophytes of seedless
vascular plants are
___________ (independent/dependent)

A

independent

194
Q

seedless plants are _____sporoous
seed producing plants are ______ sporous

A

homo
heter

195
Q

Ovules

A

develops within the ovary of a seed plant and contains the female gametophyte
Megasporangium + megaspore+ integument

196
Q

Seed plants ________ megasporangium

A

retain

197
Q

Pollen

A

male gametophyte enclosed within the pollen wall made of sporopollenin

198
Q

Pollination
germination

A

P: transfer of pollen to part of a seed plant containing ovules
G: when pollen starts to grow into a pollen tube that is able to discharge sperm into female gametophyte

199
Q

In non-vasc plnants, gametophytes release _______ sperm that swim through ________

A

flagellated
film of water to reach eggs

200
Q

What are pine trees and cones relative to gametophyte and sporophyte

A

sporo= pinetree
gameto-= come

201
Q

conifers are _____sporous

A

heter

202
Q

In gymnoposerms, within each __________,
_____________ undergo meiosis,
producing haploid ____________

A

microsporangium, microsporocytes
microspores

203
Q

4 phylum of gymnosperms

A

Cycadophyta, ginkgophyta, coniferophyta, Gnetophyta

204
Q

Large cones + palm like leaves
flagellated sperm
most endangered gymnosperm

A

Cycadophyta

205
Q

Flagellated
deciduoius, fanlike leaves

A

ginkgophyta

206
Q

Example of gnetophyta?

A

welwitschia
can live for 1000+ years
straplike leaves (largest leaves known)

207
Q

are coniferophyta cones woody or fleshy

A

mostly woody but can be fleshy

208
Q

all angiosperms are in phylum ______–

A

antophyta

209
Q

flowers are used for ____________

A

sexual reproduction via animals or wind

210
Q

Parts of flower (modified leaves) (in order from out in)

A

Sepal: green and enclose flower
petal: usually bright colored
stamen: male, pollen producing
carpels: female, holds seeds

211
Q

what 2 flower organs are sterile

A

sepals and petals

212
Q

2 parts of stamen

A

filament: stalk
anther: terminal sac where pollen forms

213
Q

parts of carpel

A

stigma: sticky part to recieve pollen
style: stalk
Ovary: egg container
Pistil: group of carpel

214
Q

cross-pollination

A

transfer of pollen from anther to stigma of another flower

215
Q

Cotyledons

A

seed leaf of angio embryo
monocot: 1 cot
dicots (eudicots): 2 cots

216
Q

roots function

A

anchor in soil and absorb/transport minerals and water
store food

217
Q

in seed embryo, the ______________ first emerges

A

primary root

218
Q

Tall, erect plants with larger shoot usually have the _____ system

A

taproot

219
Q

root hairs

A

thin, finger like extensions of root epidermal cells that emerge and increase the surface area of the root

form mycrrhizal associations

220
Q

The absorption of water and
minerals usually occurs primarily
_________________________

A

near the tips of roots (where vast
numbers of root hairs are found)

221
Q

Apical bud –
Axillary bud –

A

Ap: bud at the tip of a
plant stem
Ax: found in the
angle between a leaf and stem
(can become a branch)

222
Q

pats of vasc plants

A

Blade – flattened portion of leaf
Petiole – stalk that joins the leaf
to the stem at a node
Veins – vascular tissue

223
Q

Ev adaptations of leaves

A

Tendrils – “curl” for support and
attachment
Spines – help plants survive in hot/dry environments AND defense mechanism
Reproductive leaves – can fall off the plant and take root in the soil!
Storage leaves – modified leaves that store food

224
Q

3 types of plant tissue

A

dermal, vasc, ground

225
Q

Dermal tissue

A

outer protective covering of plant
first line of defense
includes cuticle

226
Q

Guard cells
trichomes
type of tissue?

A

dermal tissue
Guard cells – involved in gas exchange
Trichomes – hairlike
outgrowth on a plant shoot
can reduce water loss and
reflect excess light

227
Q

Vasc tissue

A

transports materials machanical support
includes xylem + phloem

228
Q

ground tissue

A

everything not dermal/vasc

229
Q

Pith and cortex
type of tissue?

A

Ground tissue
Pith – ground tissue internal to vascular tissue
Cortex – ground tissue external to vascular tissuew

230
Q

hat does cell differentiation do? 3 kinds

A

creates specialized cells
parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma

231
Q

what tissue is resposible for photosynthesis, gass exchange,, and storing water and nuttrients

A

parenchyma

232
Q

what tissue is mechanical support and elasticity

A

collenchyma

233
Q

plants can keep growing bc of the ________

A

meristems: structures that remain embryotic their entire life and continue to grow (on ends of root and shoot)

have indertminate growth

234
Q

Apical meristems

A

located at root and shoot tips; enable primary growth

235
Q

Apical meristems produce 3 types of primary meristems:

A

Protoderm → dermal tissue (epidermis)
Ground meristem → ground tissue (photosynthesis, storage, & support)
Procambium → vascular tissue (xylem & phloem; transport)

236
Q

Root cap –

A

cone of cells at the
tip of apical meristem that
serve as protection

237
Q

Leaves develop from __________

A

leaf primordia (finger-like
projection that emerges on
sides of shoot dapical
meristem)

238
Q

direction of primary vs secondary growth

A

prim=up
2nd= out

239
Q

2 lateral meristems

A

vascular cambium
cork cambium

240
Q

vasc cambium

A

lateral growth
creates tree ring patterns

241
Q

cork combium

A

makes cork and suberin (hydrophobic)

242
Q

Bark

A

all tissues external to
vascular cambium

243
Q

difference btw cork and bark

A

Bark = protective
outer layer that
includes cork

Cork = outer layer of
bark (a part of bark)

244
Q

Self-pruning –

A

nonproductive
leaves or branches undergo programmed cell death
usually looses lower branches that cant get as much sun

245
Q

plants can ________ adjust their roots to exploit patches of nutrients

A

quickly

246
Q

what connects buffalo grass mother/daug cells

A

stolen

247
Q

2 major pathways for water/nutrients

A

Apoplast – everything external to the plasma membrane of a
plant cell (outside cell)
Symplast – continuum of
cytosol connected by
plasmodesmata between cell (inside cell, includes transmembrane route)

248
Q

Osmosis

A

the diffusion of free* water across a membrane

249
Q

water potential

A

predicts the direction
in which water will flow

move from high water
potential (low solute) → low water potential (high solute)

250
Q

turgid vs flaccid
wilting

A

t: firm
f: limp
w: loss of turgor over
time (stems droop as a result of cells losing water)

251
Q

Transpiration

A

the process which moisture (water) is carried through the tree from roots →
stomata

252
Q

stomata is controlled by ____

A

guard cells

253
Q

stimuli for stomata

A

light, co2, internal clock (open during day)

254
Q

Xerophytes

A

plants adapted to
arid (dry) environments

shorter life cycles and quickly germinate and bloom

fleshy stems and reduced leaves w stomata closed during the day

255
Q

What cacti has white hairlike bristiles that reflect sunlight

A

cephalocereus senilis (old man catcus)

256
Q

Bulk flow

A

the movement
of a fluid due to a difference
in pressure between 2
locations

independent of solute

xylem + phloem

257
Q

What is resposible for transipration and transduction

A

ration: xylem
duction: phloem

258
Q

what chemials are in fertilizers

A

Nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium (NPK)

259
Q

what is NPK used for in plants

A

N: DNA/RNA, protiens, chlorophyll
P: Dna/RNA, ATP, phospholipids
K:contactor enzymes

260
Q

plants absorb water + minerals from the _________ layer of the soil

A

upper layer

261
Q

Humus

A

organic layer
make of dead orgs, and other organic matter, makes topsoil
prevents soil packing

262
Q

topsoil + other soil layers are called

A

soil horizon

263
Q

What horizon is topsoil

A

horizon A

264
Q

Are productive soils made of - or + particles

A
  • (anions) bc they allow for leachingl
265
Q

leaching

A

percolation of water through soil

266
Q

what is NPK ratio

A

Nitro+Phos+Potassium ratio in fertilizers

267
Q

plants prefer _________ soil, if the ph is to low, it ___________

A

slightly acidic
low prevents root growth and uptake of calcium (serious problem in tropics)

268
Q

phytoremediation

A

Nondestructive biotechnology that takes advantage of some plant
species’ abilities to extract heavy metals/other pollutants from the soil
and concentrate them in easily harvested portions of the plan

269
Q

____________ can
accumulate zinc 300x higher than
most plants can tolerate

A

Thlaspi caerulescens

270
Q

Hydroponic cultures

A

plants grown in mineral solutions instead of soil
* Used to determine which
elements are essential!

271
Q

Is potassium a major component

A

no

272
Q

Macronutrients

A

plants
require them in large amounts

273
Q

6 major components

A

Carbon
* Hydrogen
* Nitrogen
* Oxygen
* Phosphorous
* Sulfur
(CHNOPS)

274
Q

Micronutrients

A

Needed in small quantities

sodium

275
Q

example of plant-animal relation

A

ants provide protection and plant provides food

276
Q

example of plant-bac relation

A

plant provides carbs
bac makes Nitro and protects via antibody(Rhizobacteria)

277
Q

Rhizobacteria

A

bacteria that live either in close association with plant roots (the rhizosphere)
or with closely surrounding plant roots
depends on sugar and amino from plant

Nitro fix

278
Q

why is nitro fixing important

A

plants cant get enough from leaching since it is a macronutrience so most of N comes from bac

279
Q

Plant roots can absorb N____ and N______

A

NO3
NH4

280
Q

Nitrogen cycle

A

series of steps where nitrogen-containing
substances from the air and soil are made available to living things, used by them, and returned back to the air and soil

281
Q

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria steps

A

Capture N2from atmosphere -> Reduce to NH3 (ammonia) -> gains H from soil -> NH4 (ammonium)

282
Q

what does nitrifying bac do

A

Oxidize NH4 (ammonium(+ → NO2 (nitrite)
* Oxidize NO2(nitrite) → NO3(nitrate)

283
Q

Denitrifying bacteria

A

NO3- → N2 → atmosphere

284
Q

Epiphytes

A

Plant that grows on another plant
* Produce and gather their own nutrients; do not tap into the host

285
Q
A

F24 (5 decks)

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