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F24 > Bio Exam 3 > Flashcards

Bio Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

bAnimals are ___cellular ____________ (hetro/auto)

A

hetrotrophs

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2
Q

Difference between animal and plant cell walls

A

plants have cell walls

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3
Q

What do animal cells have intead of a cell wall?

A

proteins external to the cell membrane

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4
Q

what is the most abundant protein found external to the animal cell membrane

A

collagen

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5
Q

what ability underlies many of the adaptations that differentiates animal and plants

A

bility to move and conduct nerve impulses

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6
Q

What kind of reproduction do animals have

A

Sexual reproduction
gametic meiosis
Gametes by Meiosis (n)
Zygote (2n) by fertilization

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7
Q

Cleavage
when does it happen?

A

multiple mitositc cell divison without cell growth
after zygote forms

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8
Q

Gastrulation
result?

A

one end of embryo fold inward and expands
embryonic tissues

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9
Q

3 types of embryonic tissues

A

Extoderm (outer)
Mesoderm (middle (only seen in bilateral animal)
Endoderm (inner)

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10
Q

5 steps of gametic reproduciotn

A
  1. Once there is a zygote, it
    undergoes cleavage (multiple
    mitotic cell divisions without
    cell growth).
  2. Cleavage leads to a
    multicellular, embryonic,
    hollow cell called a blastula.
  3. Gastrulation occurs next,
    where one end of the embryo
    folds inward and expands.
  4. Gastrulation results in the
    layers of embryonic tissues
  5. The resulting stage is called a
    gastrula.
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11
Q

What stage is blastula and gastrula made

A

Bla: 2
gas:5

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12
Q

What is blastocoel

A

hollow cavity in the blastula

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13
Q

larva
what do they eat?
where do they live

A

a sexually immature
form of an animal that is
morphologically distinct from the
adult.
the usually eat and liv somewhere separate from the adult

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14
Q

metamorphosis

A

developmental transformation
that turns the animal into a
juvenile that resembles an
adult, but not yet sexually
mature.

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15
Q

are the insects sexually mature after metamorphosis

A

no

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16
Q

Hox genes

A

regulatory genes
that play important roles in the
development of animal
embryos, particularly the
development of body segments
and structures
During embryonic stage

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17
Q

what genes regulate where body segments and structures should be?

A

hox genes

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18
Q

Body plan

A

a set of morphological and
developmental traits that are integrated into
a functional whole – the animal

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19
Q

ven though animals vary a lot
morphologically, their great diversity in
form can be described by a relatively small
number of major “_________”

A

body plans

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20
Q

3 variations in body plans

A
  • Symmetry
  • Tissue organization
  • Body cavities
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21
Q

Radial Body Plan

A

body parts arranged
around a single main axis
Think sea anemone

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22
Q

Bilateral body plan

A

body parts are
arranged around 2 axes (head-tail
and dorsal-ventral)
* Dorsal = top
* Ventral = bottom
think lobster

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23
Q

Asymmetric body plan

A

no symetry

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24
Q

tissues

A

collections of specialized cells
that act as a functional unit

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25
Q

what animals dont have tissue

A

sponges

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26
Q

in animals, the embryo
becomes layered due to

A

gastrulation

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27
Q

ectoderm

A

outermost germ layer
outer covering of animal
can give rise to nervous system

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28
Q

endoderm

A

innermost germ layer
lines organs + digestive track

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29
Q

only _______ animals have mesoderm

A

Triploblastic

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30
Q

bilateral animals are ________ (diplo/triplo)

A

Triploblastic

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31
Q

mesoderm

A

Fills the space between
endoderm and ectoderm
* Forms muscles and some organs

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32
Q

Body cavity

A

fluid or air-filled
space located between the
endoderm and the ectoderm
* Normally where mesoderm is in
bilateral animals
Structural support
* Facilitate transport of nutrients,
gases, and wastes

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33
Q

coeloem

A

Body cavity that forms from tissue
derived from the mesoderm
* Found in triploblastic animals
help cusion suspended organs
earthworm

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34
Q

hemocoel

A

Found in triploblastic animals
* A body cavity that forms between
the mesoderm and the endoderm
contains hemolymph (similar to blood)

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35
Q

hemolymph

A

a fluid that functions in internal transport of nutrients and waste)
* Analogous to human blood
* Circulated through the body cavity in an open system by the heart

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36
Q

can animals completely lack body cavities?

A

yes

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37
Q

Thin, flat bodies, dont require _____________ because they are so thin
why?

A

internal transport systems
Everything is abosrobed through skinw

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38
Q

what kind of body cavity do flat worms have

A

compact (none)

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39
Q

Protostomes and deuterostomes

A

Protostomes – “mouth first”
* Mouth develops from blastopore

Deuterostome – “anus first”
* Anus develops from blastopore

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40
Q

most mammals/humans are ______stomes

A

dueterostomes

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41
Q

most antropods are _____stomes

A

protostomes

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42
Q

_______ (phylum
_______) are the sister
group to all other
animals

A

Sponges (phylum
Porifera)

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43
Q

__________is a clade
of animals with tissues
(“true animals”).

A

Eumetazoa

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44
Q

Most animal phyla
belong to the clade
________ w 3 germ layers

A

Bilateria

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45
Q

There are 3 major
clades of _______
animals.

A

bilaterian

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46
Q

what are the 3 major clades of bilaterian

A

Deuterostomia
* Lophotrochozoa
* Ecdysozoa

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47
Q

3 bilateral clades of beuterostomia
invertabrate/vertibrate

A

Hemichordates (acorn worms) (invert)
* Echinoderms (sea stars &
relatives) (invert)
* Chordates (vert)

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48
Q

Lophotrochozoa
invertabrate/vertibrate
key characteristic

A

invertabrates
Lophophores – crown of ciliated
tentacles that surround the
mouth and function in feeding

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49
Q

aremore animals invertebrates or vertebrates

A

invertebrates

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50
Q

What phylum are known as Sponges

A

Porifera

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51
Q

filter feeders

A

filter out generally large food
particles that are commonly suspended in
the water column

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52
Q

Porifera are ______/_______ (fixed in one place)

A

Sessile/sedentary

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53
Q

Spongocoel

A

central cavity of a sponge (Porifera)

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54
Q

Osculum

A

opening that connects spongocoel to environment (Phylum Porifera)

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55
Q

Choanocytes

A

Phylum Porifera
flagellated cells that engulf bacteria and other food
particles by phagocytosis

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56
Q

Amoebocytes

A

Phylum Porifera
amoeba-like cell that moves by pseudopodia
* They take up food from the surrounding water and from choanocytes, digest it, and
carry nutrients to other cells)
* Amoebocytes are totipotent

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57
Q

totipotent

A

capable of becoming other types of sponge cells

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58
Q

What kind of Porifera is totipotent

A

Amoebocytes

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59
Q

Porifera are considered ______ animals, meaning ______

A

Basal animals – diverged from other animals early in the history of the group

Lack tissues (not true animals), but
still have diverse cell types
(multicellular; e.g., choanocytes &
amoebocytes)

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60
Q

Do Porifera have tissues

A

no

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61
Q

Hermaphrodites
What is it and what phylum

A

Phylum Porifera
each individual functions as both
male and female in
reproduction by producing
sperm AND eggs

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62
Q

Is porifera sexual or asexual

A

both
Budding for asexual

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63
Q

Porifera can produce antibiotics and defensive compounds. For example:

A

Cribrostatin – kills both
cancer cells and penicillin-
resistant strains of
Streptococcus spp

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64
Q

are Phylum Cnidaria true animals

A

yes
Eumetazoan – “true animal”

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65
Q

Phylum cnidaria have a central digestive compartment called

A

gastrovascular cavity

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66
Q

Polyps and medusa

A

Phylum cnidaria
Polyps – large, sessile (e.g.,
hydras and sea anemones)
* Medusae (sing. medusa) –
smaller, motile (e.g., free-
swimming jellies

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67
Q

Cnidocytes

A

in phylum cnidaria
Characterisitic on tenticles that protect and help capturing prey
* Within these are nematocysts –
stinging thread that can
penetrate the body of prey

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68
Q

do cnidarians have brains

A

no
movement is coordinated by noncentralized nerve net w/ sensory structures

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69
Q

2 clades of cnidaria

A

Medusozoans – cnidarians that
produce a medusa

Anthozoans – cnidarians that
only exist as polyps

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70
Q

Jellyfish
Phylum and scientific name
what stage?

A

phylum cnidaria
Scyphozoans
Most of life is in medusa

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71
Q

Box jellies
Phylum and scientific name
example?

A

phylum cnidaria
cubozoans
known as “cube animals”
Chironex fleckeri:one of the deadliest animals in the world

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72
Q

Obelia, siphonophores
Phylum and scientific name
what stage?

A

Phylum cnidaria
hydrozoans
most of life in polyp stage

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73
Q

what phylum of medusozoa spends most of their life in polyp stage

A

hydrozoans

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74
Q

What species are in clade Medusozoa (phylum cnidaria)

A

scyphozoans (jelly)
cubozoans (box jelly)
hydrozoans (obelia)

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75
Q

Only occurs as polyps and can secrete exoskeleton made of calcium carbonate

A

Anthozoa clade of phylum Cnidaria
sea ameboa and coral

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76
Q

Coral bleaching

A

increase in seawater temperatures clears out their algal symbionts

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77
Q

Bilateria
in Phylum…
Symmetry?
Diplo or triplo blastic?

A

Lophotrochozoa
bilateral symmetry
triploblastic (no body cavity)

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78
Q

Phylums of Bilateria- Lophotrochozoa

A

Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
Syndermata (rotifers, acanthocephalans)
Ectoprocta (bryozoans)
Brachiopoda (lamp shells)
Mollusca (snails, slugs, oysters, clams, octopuses, squids)
Annelida

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79
Q

Phylum Platyhelminthes
example?
Diplo/triploblastic
specialized organs?
Clade and Phylum?

A

Flatworms
triploblastic
no specialized organs needed for gas exchange bc It is absorbed thru skin
Lophotrochozoa- Bilateria

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80
Q

Planarians
phylum
parasitic?
asexual/sexual
Distinct characteristic

A

Free-living flatworms found in ponds/streams
Phylum Platyhelminthes, Clade Bilateria/lophotrochozoa
Not parasitic
both asexual (split in half) and sexual (hermaphroditic)
Light-sensitive eyespots

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81
Q

Trematodes
Phylum
Parasitic?
Life cycle

A

phylum platyhelminthes- lopotrochozoa
Parasitic
require an intermediate host before infecting the final host (similar to malaria)

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82
Q

Tape worms
Phylum
Parasitic?
2 important structures

A

phylum platyhelminthes- lopotrochozoa
Parasitic (live in vertebrates)
scolex (attaches) and proglottids (holds eggs)

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83
Q

Scolex

A

In tapeworms (Phylum Platyhelminthes)
“sucker” for attachment to human
intestinal lining

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84
Q

Proglottids

A

In tapeworms (phylum platyhelminthes)
long ”ribbon” of units; consists
of thousands of fertilized eggs

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85
Q

Phylum Syndermata

A

Phylum Lophotrochozoans
Rotifers
Used to be 2 separate phylums

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86
Q

Phylum Rotifera and
Phylum Acanthocephala were combined into phylum _________

A

syndermata

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87
Q

Rotifers
phylum
key characteristic
Reproduction

A

Phylum syndermata (Lophotrochozoans)
Trophi – jaws grind up food
parthenogenesis- consist only of females that produce more females from unfertilized eggs

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88
Q

parthenogenesis-

A

consist only of females that produce more females from unfertilized eggs

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89
Q

Acanthocephlans
phylum
asexual/sexual
parasitic?

A

Phlum Syndermata (lophootrochozoans)
sexual
parasitic (manipulates intermediate hosts to get to final host (ex: crabs to get to seaguls))

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90
Q

Phylum Ectoprocta
common name

A

Lophotrochozoans
Common name: bryozoans (“moss animals”)

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91
Q

Phylum Brachiopoda
common name

A

Lophotrochozoans
common name: lamp shells

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92
Q

What is the 1st and 2nd most diverse phylum

A

1: arthropod
2: mollusca

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93
Q

3 main components of mollusca body plan

A

Foot – muscular structure for
movement
Visceral mass – contains internal
organs
Mantle – fold of tissue that secretes a shell (also has water-filled chamber called the mantle cavity)

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94
Q

Space between mantle and visceral mass

A

Mantle cavity

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95
Q

4 clades of Phylum Mollusca

A

Polyplacophora (chitons)
Gastropoda (snails, slugs)
Bivalvia (clams, oysters, etc.)
Cephalopoda (squids, octopuses,

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96
Q

Phylum Mollusca is in Clade

A

Lophotrochozoans

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97
Q

Radula

A

Mouth of phylum mollusca

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98
Q

Mollusks have ______ circulatory system

A

open

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99
Q

Phylum and Clade
Oval shaped body with a shell made of 8 dorsal plates
Chitons

A

Phylum Mollusca
Polyplacophora

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100
Q

75-80% of phylum mollusk are in clade

A

gastropoda

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101
Q

What clade are snails and slugs
most of this clade is marine

A

Phylum Mollusca
Clade gastropoda

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102
Q

Single spiral shell of clade gastropoda prodive

A

protection
and Prevent dehydration

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103
Q

All aquatic and sedentary/sessile
Shells are divided into 2 halves with a hinge
Adductor muscles close them
Eyes & sensory tentacles along the outer edge of mantle
Has gills

A

Phylum Mollusca
Clade Bivalvia

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104
Q

suspension feeders
Def and clade

A

trap small food particles in mucus that coats their gills, cilia move to mouth
Phylum Mollusca, Clade Bivalvia

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105
Q

Clade of marine predators with tentaces
Foot has been modified into a muscular excurrent siphon (jet stream) and part of the tentacles
Reduced, interior, or missing shell

A

Phylum Mollusca
Clade Cephalopoda

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106
Q

______are the only living cephalopods with external shells in Clade Cephalopoda

A

Chambered nautiluses

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107
Q

Only mollusca clade with closed circulatory system

A

Cephalopoda (squid)

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108
Q

Examples of Clade cephalopoda

A

Architeuthis dux (the giant squid)
Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni (the colossal squid)

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109
Q

Bodies resemble fused rings
Most are marine

A

Phylum Annelida

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110
Q

2 clades of Phylum Annelida

A

Errantia
Sedentaria

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111
Q

Mobile predators that can drift, crawl, and burrow
Parapodia (feet are beside)
Cirri
well developed jaws and sensory organs

A

Phylum Annelida
Clade Errantia

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112
Q

Cirri

A

Fused bundles of cilia in Phylum Annelida

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113
Q

2 Examples of Clade Sedentaria, Phylum Annelida

A

Leeches
earthworms

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114
Q

sedentary
Attach to the host and are parasitic
Secrets Hirudin, which prevents coagulation

A

Phylum Annelida
Clade sedentarians
Leeches

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115
Q

eat through soil
Hermaphroditic (sexual)
Fragmentation followed by regeneration (asexual)
Clitellum stores eggs in sexual

A

Phylum Annelida
Clade Sedentarians
earthworms

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116
Q

Are earthworms sexual or asexual

A

both
Hermaphroditic for sexual
Fragmentation for asexual

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117
Q

Setae

A
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118
Q

2 phyla in Ecdysozoa

A

Nematodes (roundworms)
Arthropods

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119
Q

What is the most diverse animal group

A

Ecdysozoa

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120
Q

Found anywhere
covered by a cuticle
no circulatory system
Hemocoel (body cavity)

A

Nematoda

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121
Q

Example of Phylum Nematoda

A

Caenorhabditis elegans
Trichinella spiralis

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122
Q

Has over 100 genes associated with human disease and are therefore used to develop cures

A

Caenorhabditis Elegans
Phylum Nematoda

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123
Q

Causes trichinosis
Obtained via raw meat

A

Trichinella spiralis
Phylum Nematoda

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124
Q

Most successful animal phylum
Billion Billion organisms (2nd most diverse)

A

Phylum Arthropoda

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125
Q

segmented Ecdysozoan with a
hard exoskeleton and jointed appendages

A

Arthropod

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126
Q

Exoskeleton provides (4 points)

A
  • Structure, Support, Protection, Points of attachment for muscles
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127
Q

Phylum Arthropoda bodies are covered by a __________ made of proteins and _________

A

cuticle, chitin

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128
Q

Arthropods evolved from the __________.
Because of this, the exoskeleton is _____________ (prevents desiccation)

A

evolved from the sea
exoskeleton is impermeable to water

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129
Q

What were the first animals to colonize land

A

arthropods

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130
Q

2 open circlatory systems of Phylum Arhtropoda

A

Hemolymph – analogous to human blood (reserved for closed system)
* Hemocoel – body cavity that surrounds tissues and organs

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131
Q

3 major clades of Phylum Arthropoda

A

Chelicerates (sea spiders, horseshoe crabs, scorpions, ticks, mites, spiders)
* Myriapods (centipedes, millipedes)
* Pancrustaceans (some insects, lobsters, shrimp)

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132
Q

have specialized respiratory organs
hemocoel becomes the main body cavity in adults

A

Phylum arthropoda

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133
Q

most insects have ________________, branched air ducts leading into the
interior of the body from pores in the cuticle

A

tracheal systems

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134
Q

CLADE
claw-like feeding appendages that
serve as pincers or fangs
No antennae
Single lens eyes

A

Phylum Arthropoda – clade Chelicerata

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135
Q

Chelicerae

A

claw-like
feeding appendages that
serve as pincers or fangs

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136
Q

Earilest species of Chelicerata clade of Phylum Arhtropoda

A

eurypterids

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137
Q

Most spiders are part of clade

A

Chelicerata (Phylum arthropoda)

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138
Q

4 main uses of silk spinning in spiders
What makes the silk

A

Capture
Defense/escape
Cover for eggs
(protection)
“Gift wrap” for food that
males offer females
during courtship
Silk made by spinnerets

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139
Q

CLADE
Millipedes and
centipedes
* All are terrestrial
* Pair of antennae
* 3 pairs of appendages
modified as mouthparts (including jaw-like mandibles)

A

Phylum Arthropoda – clade Myriapoda

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140
Q

what do millipedes eat
what do centipedes eat

A

decaying leaves + plant matter
carnivores (have poision claws that paralyze prey

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141
Q

CLADE
Highly specialized appendages
* Antennae (2 PAIRS)
* Mouthparts
* Walking legs
* Tail

Includes crustaceans and
insects

A

Phylum Arthropoda – clade Pancrustacea

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142
Q

What is the only arthropod clade that has 2 pairs of antennae

A

Clade Pancrustacea

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143
Q

Largest group are isopods
* Most morphologically
diverse
* Most have flattened bodies
* Ex: __________ that live ______

A

Clade Pancrustacea, Crustaceans
terrestrial pill bug (roly-poly) live under wet logs + leaves

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144
Q

Decapods

A

cuticle made of calcium carbonate in crustaceans (Clade pancrustacea)

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145
Q

Sessile
* Cuticle is hardened into a shell
containing calcium carbonate
* Anchor themselves to rocks,
boat hulls, pilings, and other
submerged surfaces

A

Barnacles
Clade Pancrustacea
Phylum Arthropoda

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146
Q

Clade Pancrustacea covers all _________, __________, ___________

A

Insects, Crustaceans, Barnicales

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147
Q

What is the difference between Incomplete and complete metamorphism

A

Incomplete: nymphs (young stage) is smaller and lack wings
Complete: younger versions look completely different

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147
Q

Subclade of Pancrustacea that includes all insects
Where are their wings?
Can they walk on land effectivley?

A

Hexapoda
1 or 2 pairs of wings that
emerge from dorsal (top)
side of thorax
Can walk effectivley, separating them from birds/bats

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148
Q

5 benefits of insects

A

Consume LOTS of plant matter
* Predators, parasites, decomposers
* Essential source of food for larger
animals
* Pollination
* Edible for protein

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149
Q

2 dieases carried by insects

A

African sleeping sickness (tsetse
flies)
Malaria (mosquitos)

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150
Q

Clade of bilaterian animals
Anus first

A

Deuterostomia Clade

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151
Q

3 phylum of Deuterostomia clade

A

Echinodermata (“spiny
skin”)
Hemichordata (“half
chordate”)
Chordata (“chordate”)

152
Q

Divided into 5 clades
* Slow moving and/or sessile
* Have a coelom

A

Echinoderm Phylum, in clade Deuterostomia
Includes sea stars/urchins

153
Q

What phylum has the water vascular system

A

echinoderms

154
Q

a network of hydraulic canals
branching into extensions
called tube feet that function in
locomotion and feeding

A

water vascular system
unique to echinoderms

155
Q

ORGANISM
Arms extend from a central
disk
* Undersurfaces bear tube feet
* Gripping action is due to
adhesive chemicals, not by
suction
Can regenerate parts

A

Clade Deuterostomia: Phylum Echinodermata: clade Asteroidea
Sea Star

156
Q

Organism
* Armless
* Only 3 known species
* Live on submerged wood
* Body is disk-shaped
* Less than a cm in diameter
* Edge of body is ringed with
small spines
* Absorbs nutrients through a
membrane that surrounds their
body

A

Clade Deuterostomia: Phylum Echinodermata: clade Asteroidea
Sea daisies

157
Q

ORGANISM
Central disc
* Long, flexible arms
* Lash their arms in
serpentine movements
* Don’t have flattened discs
at the end of their tube feet
* Use adhesive chemicals
* Can be suspension feeders,
predators, or scavengers

A

Clade Deuterostomia: Phylum Echinodermata: clade Asteroidea
Brittle stars

158
Q

CLADE
No arms
* 5 radially arranged groups of tube feet
2 examples

A

Clade Deuterostomia:
Phylum Echinodermata: clade Echinoidea
Sea urchin + sand dollar

159
Q

ORGANISM
Attached to a substrate
by a stalk
* Suspension feeders

A

Clade Deuterostomia:
Phylum Echinodermata: clade Crinoidea
Sea Lilies

160
Q

ORGANISM
Crawl by using long,
flexible arms
* Suspension feeders

A

Clade Deuterostomia:
Phylum Echinodermata: clade Crinoidea
Feathered stars

161
Q

ORGANISM
Lack spines
* Reduced exoskeleton
* Elongated shape
* 5 radially arranged sections of
tube feet

A

Clade Deuterostomia:
Phylum Echinodermata: clade Holothuroidea
sea cucumber

162
Q

2 groups of invertebrate deuterostome that are more closely related to vertebrates than other invertebrates

A

cephalochordates and the urochordates

163
Q

The common
ancestor of all
vertebrates had a
_______ & ________ composed of
________.

A

skull and backbone
vertebrae

164
Q

________ & _______are a sister
group to all other
animals (and most
distantly related to vertebrates)

A

Hagfishes and
lampreys

165
Q

Limbs with _______
was a key
development for
terrestrial life.

A

digits

166
Q

An ______egg
is only found in
reptiles and
mammals

A

amniotic

167
Q

Why are not all cordates vertebrates

A

Vertebrate evolved later
ex: Cephalochordata
* Unichordata/Tunicata

168
Q

4 key characteristics of vertebrates evolution

A

1.The common ancestor of all
vertebrates had a skull and
backbone composed of
vertebrae.
2. Hagfishes and lampreys are a sister group to all other
animals (and most distantly related).
3. Limbs with digits was a key
development for terrestrial life.
4. An amniotic egg is only found in
reptiles and mammals.

169
Q

Are the heaviest animals vertebrates or invertebrates

A

vertebrates

170
Q

bilateral symmetry (and thus, triploblastic; what does this mean?)
Deuterostome
animals that, at some point during their development, have a notochord, a dorsal, hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits/clefts, and a muscular, post-anal tail

A

Chordate

171
Q

4 key characteristics of
chordates, commonly only
seen during embryonic
development:

A
  • Notochord
  • Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
  • Pharyngeal slits/clefts
  • Muscular, post-anal tail
172
Q

Derived character

A

a trait that
arose in the most recent common
ancestor of a lineage and was
passed on to all of its
descendants

173
Q

In ________, a longitudinal, flexible rod made of tightly packed
_________ cells that runs
along the anterior-posterior
axis of a chordate in the
dorsal part of the body.

A
174
Q

Notocord
Who has them
What is it
what is its purpose

A

In Chordates
a longitudinal, flexible rod made of tightly packed
mesodermal cells that runs
along the anterior-posterior
axis of a chordate in the
dorsal part of the body.
Skeletal support

175
Q

Do humans have notocords

A

yes it is just reduced and forms discs in spine

176
Q

Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
Develops from ________
develops into______

A

Develops from ectoderm
develops into central nervous
system (brain & spinal cord)

177
Q

Pharyngeal slits/clefts
Purpose
Pharynx

A

Digestive tube
posterior (Below) to the mouth is the pharynx

178
Q

Pharyngeal clefts
who?
what?
Develop into?
modified to?

A

All chordate embryos
series of arches separated by grooves forms along the outer surface of the pharynx
can develop into pharyngeal
slits
modified for gills in fish

179
Q

Muscular, post-anal tail
Size
makeup
job

A

In many species, greatly
reduced during embryonic
development
* Contains skeletal elements
and muscles
* Helps to propel many
aquatic species in the water

180
Q

Class + common name + ex
Invertebrate cordates
sister group to chordates
Blade like shape

A

Class Cephalochordata
Lancelets
EX: Lamprays

181
Q

Class + common name
Invertebrate cordates
Sessile Marine

A

Class Urochordata
Tunicates (aka ”sea squirts”)

182
Q

2 class of invertebrate chordates

A

Cephalochordata
Urochordata

183
Q

What is missing in the adult stage of a tunicate? why?

A

tail, notochord, and never cord.
Blocked by hox genes

184
Q

are all vertebrates chordate?

A

yes

185
Q

How many hox genes do vertebrates have? lancelets/tunicates?

A

vert: 2+
L/T: 1

186
Q

What led to the innovated nervous system + skeleton seen in vertebrates

A

more hox genes

187
Q

neural crest

A

A collection of cells that appears
along the edges of the closing
neural tube of an embryo

188
Q

Class + sub clade
Vertebrate
All are marine
Jawless
No backbone (rudimentary vertebrae made of cartilage instead)
Create liters of slime from slime glands

A

Class Myxini
Cyclostomes

189
Q

2 Cyclostomes vertebrate classes

A

(jawless)
Myxini
Petromyzontida

190
Q

Class + Ex
Marine & freshwater
Jawless
No backbone (rudimentary vertebrae made of cartilage instead)
Can be parasitic of fish

A

Class Petromyzontida
Jawless

191
Q

class thats slime is being used to create a space-filling slime for surgery

A

Myxini

192
Q

living jawless vertebrates

A

Cyclostomes

193
Q

Animals are considered __________ because they physically ingest and digest food inside the body

A

chemoheterotrophs

194
Q

during sexual reproduction in animals, a zygote undergoes ________ to create an eight-cell embryo

A

cleavage

195
Q

what are the 3 variations in body plans

A

symmetry, body cavities, tissue organization,

196
Q

do earthworms have coelom or hemocoel

A

coeloem

197
Q

a cell type within spondes that is totipotent is

A

amoebocytes

198
Q

what class of cnidaria only exists in polyp form

A

anthozoans

199
Q

What stage do box jeelies primarily live as

A

medusa

200
Q

what species does “penis fencing”

A

platyhelminthes

201
Q

what is an example of bivalvia

A

oysters

202
Q

nematodes coelom becomes severly reduced as they develop, and the hemocoel becomes dominanat. what is this kind of body cavity called

A

hemolymph

203
Q

how do sea stars grip to surfaces

A

adhesive chemicals

204
Q

the have arms extending from a central disn

A

sea stars (asteroidea)

205
Q

jaw vertebrates

A

gnathostomes

206
Q

Jaws

A

hinged structures that,
especially with the help of teeth, help
enable gnathostomes to grip food items
and slice them

207
Q

T/F In primitive version of jaws, teeth were not seen

A

true

208
Q

hypothesis,
gnathostome jaws evolved by
modification of the __________ that
had previously supported the anterior __________________
The remaining gill slits no longer
required for suspension feeding,
remained as the major sites of
_____________ with the external environment

A

skeletal rods
pharyngeal (gill) slits
respiratory gas exchange

209
Q

Common ancestors of gnathostomes
underwent duplication of _____________________, which duplicated entire genomes. enabling origin of jaw

A

Hox genes

210
Q

CLASS
Cartilage fish (sharks, rays, and
relatives)
* Skeleton made of cartilage instead of bone
Swift Swimmer

A

Class Chondrichthyes

211
Q

In class chondrichtyes, ____________ fins act as stabilizers while ____________ & ____________
fins help with maneuvering

A

Dorsal
Paired pectoral and pelvic

212
Q

Class chondrichthyans gain buoyancy by _______________.

A

storing oil in its
huge liver

213
Q

Can class chondrichthyans stop swimming?

A

No, must continuously swim to prevent sinking
* Ensures constant water flow (mouth -> gills) for gas exchange

214
Q

Largest sharks and rays are
____________feeders and eat ____________
* Most sharks are _________________

A

suspension, plankton
carnivorous

215
Q

Spiral valve

A

a corkscrew-shaped ridge that
increases surface area and
prolongs the passage of food
through the digestive tract
class chondrichthyes

216
Q

What is unique about shark teeth

A

Sharks have several rows of teeth
that gradually move to the front of
the mouth as old teeth are lost

217
Q

Class chondrichthyes (sharks) senses (Eyes and nostrils)

A

Sharp vision but cannot decipher colors
Nostrils function only for
smelling – not for breathing

218
Q

CLASS + species example
Pair of regions in the skin of
their head that can detect electric
fields generated by muscle
contractions of nearby animals
Sound reaches through
water, and the animal’s entire
body transmits the sound to the
hearing organs of the inner ear

A

Class chondrichthyes
sharks

219
Q

Shark eggs are fertilized ______________(external/internal)

A

internally

220
Q

on male pelvic fins that tranfer sperm to female

A

claspers

221
Q

Some sharks are Oviparous, meaning

A

lay eggs that hatch outside the mother’s body

222
Q

Cloaca

A

common chamber for
the reproductive, digestive, and
excretory tracts
1 opening to the outside

223
Q

majority of vertebrates
belong to the clade of gnathostomes
called _____________-

A

Osteichthyes

224
Q

Difference between osteichthyes and chondricthytes

A

nearly all living osteichthyans have an ossified (bony) endoskeleton

Swim bladder; Allows osteichtyes to flow (unlike chondrcthyes that have to always swim)

225
Q

Most fishes breathe by drawing water over four or five pairs of gills located in
chambers covered by a protective bony flap called the _____________

A

operculum

226
Q

_____: an air sac to
maintain buoyancy equal to
surrounding water in class ______________

A

Swim bladder
Osteichthyes

227
Q

in Class osteichtyhes, _______ are skin glands release
this to reduce drag during
swimming

A

Slimy mucous

228
Q

What class are ray-finned fishes? example?

A

Class Actinopterygii
tuna, bass, herring, cod (major human protien source)

229
Q

The key derived character of lobe-
fins is the presence of _____________

A

Class Sarcopterygii
rod-shaped bones

230
Q

3 sub classes of Sarcopterygii (lob-fin fish)

A

Coelacanths (subclass Actinistia)
* Lungfishes (subclass Dipnoi)
* Some tetrapods

231
Q

These organisms adapted to life on land and gave rise to vertebrates with limbs and feet, called _______—a lineage that includes humans

A

tetrapods
sub class of Class Sarcopterygii

232
Q

SUBCLASS
Coelacanths
thought to be extinct
“Living Fossil”

A

Subclass Actinistia
Class sarcopterygii

233
Q

SUBCLASS
Lungfishes
Arose initially in the ocean, but all are now found only in freshwater habitats

A

Subclass Dipnoi
Class sarcopterygii

234
Q

Species
Surface to gulp air into
lungs connected to their
pharynx
* Gills for gas exchange
* Can burrow into mud
during dry seasons (to
wait in a state of torpor)

A

Lungfish

235
Q

Difference between clase urodelo and anura in Class amphibia

A

anura does not have tails

236
Q

3 clades of class amphibians

A

urodela: tails
anura; no tails
Apoda; no legs

237
Q

CLADE + CLASS + Ex
Can be entirely aquatic or
terrestrial (as adults)
* Side-to-side bending of body
to move if terrestrial
* Some
exhibit paedomorphosis _____

A

clade urodela (salamanders)
Amphibia
paedomorphosis – larval or juvenile features retained in adult

238
Q

paedomorphosis

A

larval or juvenile features
retained in adult
* Ex: axolotls
think pedo (children)

239
Q

What clade are frogs? Difference of frogs and toads

A

Anura

All toads are frogs, but not all frogs are toads
Toads are frogs that have leathery skin and are more adapted for land

240
Q

CLADE
Long, sticky tongue for
capturing prey
- Skin glands secrete distasteful
(or even poisonous) mucous
- Many poisonous species have
distinctive color patterns
and/or ________ coloration

A

Class amphibia
Clade anura

241
Q

What do dart frogs secrete and what does it do

A

dart frogs can secrete batrachotoxin
paralysis, extreme pain and even cardiac failure

242
Q

CLADE
Legless
* Nearly blind
* Morphologically resemble
earthworms
Evolved from a secondary adaptation

A

Clade Apoda
Class Amphibia

243
Q

What does amphibian mean?

A

“Amphi-” both
”-bian” or “-bios” life

244
Q

Amphibian Larval stage – tadpole
* Food source
* What is used for gas exchange
* legs? How does it move

A
  • Aquatic herbivore
  • Gills
  • lacks legs
  • Moves by undulating its tail
245
Q

3 stages of frog life cycel

A

larval (tadpole), metamorphasis, adult

246
Q

Amphibianmetamorphosis
* Food souce
* what is used for gas exchange
*Legs? how does it move
What else develops

A
  • carnivorous diet
  • Gills turn to lungs
    *Legs
  • lungs, external eardrums, digestive system
247
Q

amphibians Rely heavily on moist skin for ____________

A

respiration

248
Q

Amphibian eggs

A

Eggs lack a shell
* Can dehydrate quickly in dry
conditions

249
Q

Do amphibians carry eggs or lay them

A

either
some frogs carry eggs in their mouth or back

250
Q

2 tetropods

A

Amphibians
amniotes

251
Q

2 clades of amniotes

A

reptiles
mammals

252
Q

main derived characteristic of clade amniote

A

amniotic egg
contains 4 specialized
membranes (AKA extraembryonic membranes)
Amnion, Chorion, Yolk sac, Allantois

253
Q

4 extraembryonic membranes of amniotic eggs? are they part of the embryo body?

A

Amnion, Chorion, Yolk sac, Allantois
No, grow from tissue layers that grow out from the embryo

254
Q

Amniotic egg is named for one of the extra membranes

A

amnion

255
Q

purpose of Chorion, Yolk sac. Allantois, amnion, in amniotic egg

A

Chorion – eliminates
nitrogenous waste and
functions in gas exchange
* Yolk sac – contains yolk +
nutrients
* Allantois – disposal for
metabolic wastes
* Amnion- fluid filled cavitycusions from mechanical shock

256
Q

what is a key evolution to allow amniots to move away from water

A

Aminion, gives egg its own personal ‘pond’ allowing them to lay on land

257
Q

Derived characteristic of class reptilia

A

scales made of caratin

258
Q

difference between retilians and amphibians

A

reptiles lay eggs on land with hard shell, internal fertilization
amphibians lay in water with no shell

259
Q

what does cold-blooded mean? What is the real term for it

A

ectothermic
does not use their metabolism solely to control their body temp
Temp is regulated by behavioral adaptations (find shade/warmth)

260
Q

ectothermic
endothermic

A

Ecto: External heat is absorbed as main source of body heat
Endo: Heat is generated by their own metabolism

261
Q

Early reptiles were diapsids Like all reptiles today characterized by ______________

A

pair of holes on each side of skull

262
Q

3 lineages for diapsids, class reptilia

A

Turtles
* Lepidosaurs (tuataras, lizards,
snakes)
* Archosaurs (crocodiles,
alligators, dinosaurs, birds)

263
Q

Lineage of diapsids
No holes in skull behind eye
sockets (other reptiles have 2)

A

Turtles

264
Q

Boxlike shell made of upper
and lower shields fused to the
_________, __________, _________. Primitive turtles showed shell-like structures along their _____only

A

vertebrae, clavicles, and ribs
belly only

265
Q

What is the only speices in reptilian lineage Lepidosaurs? what does their survival depend on

A

tuataras
depends on rat free e vironment (rats eat their eggs)

266
Q

Snake and lizard lineage

A

lepidosaurs
reptilians

267
Q

Lineage
grabbing belly scales
acute chemical sensors
* Sensitive to ground vibrations (no sense of smell)
* Heat-detecting organs

A

Snakes
Lineage Lepidosaurs

268
Q

Archosaurs ) = ___________ and ___________-

A

crocodiles and allegators

269
Q

The earliest archosaurs were a lot
__________ & ___________ and evolved to breathed air through their _____________

A

smaller and terrestrial
upturned nostrils

270
Q

Alligator vs.crocodile

A

Alli: Darker, blackish color, U-shaped snout, Prefers fresh water, Less aggressive than crocodiles
Croc: Lighter, olive-green/brown
color, V- shaped snout, Prefer brackish or salt water, Almost always react aggressively

271
Q

what class and linage are birds

A

clsas reptilia
lineage archosaurs

272
Q

Birds
Wings are remodeled _______________
* Bones have a _______
internal structure and are filled
with air
________ feathers provide insulation

A

tetrapod forelimbs
honeycombed
Downy

273
Q

3 bird adaptations for flight

A
  • Reduction in teeth/ digestive tract
  • feathers made from β-keratin (scales of other rep)
  • wings / Large pectoralis muscles
274
Q

do birds have color vision? Brain size?

A

yes, and excellent vision
larger brain relativitly

275
Q

Earliest known bird

A

Archaeopteryx

276
Q

What is the order of birds that are
flightless

A

Ratites

277
Q

What is a physical difference between flightless and flight birds

A

flightless have smaller pectoralis muscles

278
Q

what is the one flightless bird that has strong pectoralis muscles

A

penguins (muscles for swimming)

279
Q

Passeriformes (passerines)

A

Specialized feet for perching birds

280
Q

What is true about chordata
All chordates are vert
are deuterostomia
The only invert is cephalochordata
All verts have true vert

A

deuterostomia

281
Q

What is the derived characters of chordates is found along the digestive tube that extend from mouth to anus

A

pharyngeal slits/clefts

282
Q

which is false about myxini
mostly bottom dwellers
make slime to repel competitors
rudimentary vert
jawed

A

jawed

283
Q

C,ass of cartilaginous fish that is large & sucessful predator in aquatic environment

A

chondrichthyes

284
Q

What 2 reasons do sharks consistently swim

A

prevent sinking since neg buoyant
Constant water flow for gass exchange

285
Q

Wat class is coelacanths

A

sarcopterygii

286
Q

What class is tailed amphibians

A

urodela

287
Q

what disappears in frog metamorphisis

A

gills

288
Q

what 2 reasons do amphibians live in damp habitats

A

moist skin for respiration
eggs dehydrate

289
Q

Which of the following is the most inclusive term for an organism that obtains organic food material by eating other organisms or substances derived from​ them?

A

autotroph

290
Q

A mutualism is an ecological relationship between two species

A

that both benefit from the relationship.

291
Q

A graduate student finds an organism in a pond and thinks it is a freshwater sponge. A postdoctoral student thinks it looks more like an aquatic fungus. How can they decide whether it is an animal or a​ fungus?

A

Look for cell walls under a microscope

292
Q

One of the characteristics unique to animals is

A

gastrulation

293
Q

Which of the following characteristics is unique to​ animals?

A

nervous system signal conduction

294
Q

Both animals and fungi are heterotrophic. Which of the following distinguishes animal heterotrophy from fungal​ heterotrophy?

A

most animals derive their nutrition by ingesting materials

295
Q

Which of the following characteristics is common to all known​ animals?

A

Animals are multicellular.

296
Q

Which of the following organisms is most likely classified as something other than an​ animal?
sponge
jelly
coral
choanoflagellate

A

choanoflagellate

297
Q

Gastrulation is the process that directly forms the​ __________.

A

germ layers

298
Q

Which of the following animals does NOT have a body​ cavity?
earthworm
mouse
flatworm
clam
nematode

A

flatworm

299
Q

during embryological​ development, the anus forms before the mouth in​ __________.

A

Chordates

300
Q

The distinction between sponges and other animal phyla is based mainly on the absence versus the presence of

A

tissues

301
Q

Which tissue type or organ is correctly matched with its germ layer​ tissue?
​stomach-mesoderm
​nervous-mesoderm
​skin-ectoderm
​muscular-ectoderm

A

skin-ectoderm

302
Q

What do many organisms with deuterostome development have in​ common?

A

The blastopore formed during gastrulation becomes the anus.

303
Q

If an organism exhibits a head with sensory​ structures, which of the following characteristics would it likely also​ exhibit?

A

it is bilaterally symmetrical

304
Q

Which of the following characteristics represents the oldest branch point in animal​ phylogeny?
radial or bilateral symmetry
a body cavity or no body cavity
true tissues or no tissues
diploblastic or triploblastic embryos

A

true tissues or no tissues

305
Q

Which of the following statements is correct regarding animal body​ plans?
mutations have arisen that allow only some shapes to be produced
animals evolve according to a​ pre-ordained plan
the body plans we see now have been evolutionarily advantageous compared to others in the past
organisms direct their own evolution in order to maximize their success

A

the body plans we see now have been evolutionarily advantageous compared to others in the past

306
Q

What is the primary difference between a coelom and a​ hemocoel?

A

their developmental origin

307
Q

Each of the following statements describes characteristics of animals except for one. Which statement about animals is incorrect​?
they have​ tissues, organs, and organ systems
they are eukaryotes
they are all multicellular
they ingest their food
they are heterotrophic

A

they have​ tissues, organs, and organ systems

308
Q

Which of the following statements is​ correct?
All animals share a common ancestor.
Eumetazoans have three embryonic tissue layers.
Sponges are diploblastic animals.
The origin of all extant animal phyla can be traced to the Cambrian explosion.
Most animal phyla belong to the clade Radiata

A

All animals share a common ancestor.

309
Q

Which of the following statements concerning animal taxonomy is​ accurate?
In the kingdom​ Animalia, most clades based on body plan confirm clades based on molecular data.
Kingdom Animalia is polyphyletic.
Animals are thought to have evolved from flagellated protists similar to modern choanoflagellates.
Animals are more closely related to plants than to fungi.

A

Animals are thought to have evolved from flagellated protists similar to modern choanoflagellates.

310
Q

Which of the following statements regarding the diversification of animals is supported by the current available​ evidence?
sponges are a paraphyletic group of organisms
animals descended from multiple ancestors
ctenophores are basal metazoans
most animals belong to the clade Bilateria

A

most animals belong to the clade Bilateria

311
Q

Which of the following statements about bilaterian animals is true​?

A

All bilaterians are triploblastic​ (have three germ​ layers).

312
Q

A hemocoel refers to a

A

functional body cavity lined by tissues derived from mesoderm and endoderm

313
Q

The animal phylum most like the protists that gave rise to the animal kingdom is​ __________.

A

Porifera

314
Q

Which of the following is a characteristic of​ cnidarians?
anus
bilateral symmetry
mesoderm
gastrovascular cavity
radula

A

gastrovascular cavity

315
Q

Which sponge cell is most structurally and functionally similar to the cnidocyte of a​ cnidarian?

A

choanocyte

316
Q

f you brush your fingers along the tentacles of a sea​ anemone, which of the following are you most likely to find upon microscopic examination of your​ fingers?

A

nematocysts

317
Q

what mollusc group is suspension feeders

A

bivalves

318
Q

Which of the following statements correctly describes a characteristic of the phylum​ Platyhelminthes?
They are all parasitic.
They are dorsoventrally flattened.
They typically reproduce asexually.
They are diploblastic.
They are radially symmetrical.

A

They are dorsoventrally flattened.

319
Q

Some species of rotifers consist solely of females. Their method of reproduction is described as​ __________.

A

parthenogenesis

320
Q

Members of the phylum Mollusca​ __________.
are​ soft-bodied and often covered by a shell
have tentacles surrounding a central​ mouth/anus
have closed circulatory systems
have segmented bodies and​ paired, jointed appendages
are filter feeders

A

are​ soft-bodied and often covered by a shell

321
Q

Which of the following statements is true of​ annelids?
They have pseudocoeloms.
They have an open circulatory system.
They have a gastrovascular cavity.
They perform gas exchange across their skin.
They have a nerve net.

A

They perform gas exchange across their skin.

322
Q

h structure do sea slugs use to feed on their​ prey?

A

radula

323
Q

Which of the following characteristics of parasites explains how parasitism has become so widespread among living​ organisms?

A

Parasites do not generally kill their​ hosts; thus they can feed on the same host throughout the​ host’s normal life span and do not have competition from decomposers.

324
Q

Which phylum is characterized by animals that have a segmented​ body?

A

Arthropoda

325
Q

Which of the following statements applies to both nematodes and​ arthropods?
have ciliated larvae
develop an anus from the blastopore​ (pore) formed in the gastrula stage
are parasites
grow in conjunction with shedding of their exoskeleton

A

grow in conjunction with shedding of their exoskeleton

326
Q

Which of the following characteristics of their exoskeletons is exhibited by both arthropods and​ molluscs?
they help retain moisture in terrestrial habitats
they completely replace the hydrostatic skeleton
they are comprised of the polysaccharide chitin
they are secreted by the mantle

A

they help retain moisture in terrestrial habitats

327
Q

Which of the following characteristics do all insects​ exhibit?
they have jointed appendages and spicules
they have jointed appendages and a radula
they undergo complete metamorphosis and have segmented bodies
they have an exoskeleton or cuticle

A

hey have an exoskeleton or cuticle

328
Q

Which of the following senses would be most directly affected by removing or damaging an​ insect’s antennae?

A

smelling

329
Q

The heartworms that can accumulate within the hearts of dogs and other mammals have a​ hemocoel, an alimentary​ canal, and an outer covering that is occasionally shed. To which phylum does the heartworm​ belong?

A

Nematoda

330
Q

A terrestrial animal species is discovered with the following larval​ characteristics: exoskeleton, system of tubes for gas​ exchange, and modified segmentation. What other characteristic is most likely present in this​ organism?

A

an open circulatory system

331
Q

describing nematodes.
Select all that apply.
Nematodes lack a circulatory system and circular body wall muscles.
Some nematodes play important roles in nutrient cycling.
All nematodes live in soil.

A

Nematodes lack a circulatory system and circular body wall muscles.
Some nematodes play important roles in nutrient cycling.

332
Q

Which of the following are thought to be most closely related to​ humans?
snails
earthworms
sea stars
jellies
ants

A

sea stars

333
Q

The water vascular system of echinoderms functions in ____&_____

A

locomotion and feeding.

334
Q

Which of the following combinations of phylum and description is​ correct?
Nematodaminus​roundworms, internal skeleton
Echinodermataminusradial symmetry as a​ larva, coelom
Poriferaminusgastrovascular ​cavity, coelom
Platyhelminthesminus​flatworms, gastrovascular​ cavity, no body cavity

A

Platyhelminthesminus​flatworms, gastrovascular​ cavity, no body cavity

335
Q

Which of the following animal groups is entirely​ aquatic?
Nematoda
Mollusca
Crustacea
Echinodermata

A

Echinodermata

336
Q

Which of the following statements best describes the overall process of descent with​ modification?

Similarity between two species results from genetic drift in small populations.
Natural selection leads to the evolution of similar features in independent evolutionary lineages.
Similarity between two species results from convergent evolution.
A trait present in an ancestral organism is modified by natural selection over time in descendants of that ancestor.

A

A trait present in an ancestral organism is modified by natural selection over time in descendants of that ancestor.

337
Q

All of the following represent diagnostic features of chordates except for which​ one?
pharyngeal slits or clefts
notochord
a​ muscular, post-anal tail
a hollow dorsal nerve cord
vertebrae

A

vertebrae

338
Q

Which of the following chordates is most likely to look the least like other​ chordates?
embryonic human
adult human
adult tunicate
larval tunicate
lancelet

A

adult tunicate

339
Q

Adult urochordates​ (tunicates) lack​ notochords, even though larval urochordates have them. What is the function of notochords in larval​ urochordates?

A

they aid in swimming

340
Q

If a​ tunicate’s pharyngeal gill slits were blocked by a foreign​ object, which of the following processes would the organism have trouble​ performing?

A

respiring and feeding

341
Q

In early​ chordates, the primitive pharyngeal slits carried out which of the following​ functions?

A

​suspension-feeding devices

342
Q

Which extant chordates are most like the earliest chordates in​ appearance?

A

lancelets

343
Q

Which of the following groups includes the greatest number of​ organisms?
​lobe-fins
osteichthyans
gnathostomes
amphibians

A

gnathostomes

344
Q

Which of the following characteristics is shared by a hagfish and a​ lamprey?
jaws
a​ well-developed notochord
a rasping tongue
paired fins

A

a​ well-developed notochord

345
Q

jaws evolved​ __________.
by modification of the skeletal rods that previously supported the anterior pharyngeal slits
from arthropod jaws
from the rasping tongue
from the bony armor in ancient jawless fish
by modification of middle ear bones

A

by modification of the skeletal rods that previously supported the anterior pharyngeal slits

346
Q

Which of following reproductive strategies in mammals involves the mother laying eggs that hatch outside of her​ body?
asexual reproduction
ovoviviparous reproduction
oviparous reproduction
viviparous reproduction

A

oviparous reproduction

347
Q

In a typical​ ray-finned fish, the swim bladder allows individuals to perform which of the following​ processes?

A

remain neutrally buoyant

348
Q

Which structure in a shark is closest in function to a swim bladder in a​ ray-finned fish?

A

its liver

349
Q

If a​ ray-finned fish is to both hover​ (remain stationary) in the water column and ventilate its gills​ effectively, then what other structure besides its swim bladder will it​ use?

A

operculum

350
Q

Which of these structures would most likely have been observed in the common ancestor of chondrichthyans and​ osteichthyans?
a spiral valve intestine
a​ mineralized, bony skeleton
opercula
a swim bladder

A

a​ mineralized, bony skeleton

351
Q

Most members of which of the following groups are most closely associated with a wet​ (or moist)​ environment?
pterosaurs
dinosaurs
amphibians
mammals
birds

A

amphibians

352
Q

Suppose, while out camping in a​ forest, you found a chordate with a​ long, slender, limbless body slithering across the ground near your tent. The organism is most likely​ ________.

A

an amphibian

353
Q

Which of the following was a trend first observed in the evolution of the earliest​ tetrapods?
the appearance of jaws
feet with digits
the mineralization of the endoskeleton
the amniotic egg

A

feet with digits

354
Q

hich of the following is most likely a characteristic of the earliest tetrapod​ fossils?
they show evidence of internal fertilization
they indicate limited adaptation to life on land
they show evidence of having produced shelled eggs
they feature the earliest indications of the appearance of jaws

A

they indicate limited adaptation to life on land

355
Q

What is believed to be the most significant result of the evolution of the amniotic​ egg?

A

Tetrapods are no longer tied to the water for reproduction.

356
Q

Which structure of the amniotic egg most closely surrounds the​ embryo?

A

amnion

357
Q

Which of the following characteristics evolved independently in mammals and​ birds?
endothermy
amniotic eggs
bone
jaws

A

endothermy

358
Q

Mammals and birds eat more often than reptiles. Which of the following traits shared by mammals and birds best explains this​ habit?
endothermy
terrestrial habitat
ectothermy
amniotic egg

A

endothermy

359
Q

Which of these groups of organisms are​ amniotes?
turtles
fishes
lungfish
amphibians

A

turtles

360
Q

Which of these characteristics contributed the most to vertebrate success in relatively dry​ environments?
a​ four-chambered heart
the​ shelled, amniotic egg
the ability to maintain a constant body temperature
two pairs of appendages

A

the​ shelled, amniotic egg

361
Q

Which of the following are the only extant animals that descended directly from​ dinosaurs?
crocodiles
birds
tuataras
lizards

A

birds

362
Q

Living vertebrates can be divided into two major clades. Select the appropriate pair.
the marsupials and the eutherians
the cyclostomes and the gnathostomes
the chordates and the tetrapods
the urochordates and the cephalochardates

A

he cyclostomes and the gnathostomes

363
Q

There are shared ________ that control animal development, particularly the development of body development and structures

A

hox genes

364
Q

crown of ciliated tentacles that surround the mouth of an animal that function in
feeding are called ________

A

lophophores

365
Q

Which clade in Phylum Mollusca includes clams and oysters?

A

Bivalvia

366
Q

What is the only clade of echinoderms where animals are attached to a substrate
via a stalk

A

Crinoidea

367
Q

Sea stars are echinoderms that fall within clade ________

A

Asteroidea

368
Q

t/f All vertebrates are chordates

A

True

369
Q

Jawed vertebrates are referred to as _______

A

Gnathostomes

370
Q

Perching birds are known as ________

A

Passerines

371
Q

______________ are the only living cephalopods with external shells

A

Chambered nautiluses

372
Q

Which one of these mollusc groups is classified as suspension feeders?

A

Bivalves

373
Q

ome species of rotifers consist solely of females. Their method of reproduction
is described as __________

A

budding

374
Q

t/f Bilateral animals are diploblastic

A

F: can be diplo or triplo

375
Q

Cephalochordates represent the ________. They have a bladelike shape

A

Lancelets

376
Q

Living vertebrates can be divided into two major clades.

A

he cyclostomes and the gnathostomes

377
Q

Which of these groups of organisms are amniotes?
fishes
lungfish
turtles
amphibians

A

turtles

F24 (5 decks)

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