Bio Test 1 Flashcards
Carolus Linnaeus believed that species remained fixed in the form in which they had been created. Which of the following concepts are inconsistent with Linnaeus’s model of classification:
Taxonomy
nested, increasingly inclusive
Hierarchical classification
Phylogenies
Phylogenies
Which of the following taxonomic categories contain all the others listed?
Class
genus
order
family
Species
class
In which type of classification system are names assigned only to groups that include a common ancestor and all of its descendants
a system based entirely on evolutionary history
Select the correct statement about phylogenetic trees
PhyTrees always show increased branching representing increased diversity over time
PhyTrees may expand quickly to maximum width and then narrow over time
All PhyTrees are similarly shaped
PhyTrees may expand quickly to maximum width and then narrow over time
animals that possess homologous structures probably
evolved from the same ancestor
analogous structures are similar because
the species underwent silimar mutations from similar events
Some beetles and flies have antler-like structures on their heads, much like male deer. The existence of antlers in beetles, fly, and deer species w strong male-male competition is an example of what
Convergent evolution
The term convergent evolution is most applicable to wich of the following characteristics?
the fur that covers Austrialian and US moles
The layer of fat found under skin of mammals like dolphins/polar bears
Presence of opposable thumbs in humans/chimps
Wing of bat/Chicken
Wing of Bat/Chicken
Which of the following pairs is the best example of homologous structures
Bones in bat wing vs bones in human forlimb
Shape of dorsal fin in dolphins/sharks
Winds of owl/hornet
Eyelessness of Australian/US mole
Bones in bat wing vs bones in human forlimb
By Definitions, a clade is _____
Para/Poly/monophyletic
Monophyletic
Systematics have used a wide variety of traits to reconstruct the phylogenies of groups of orgs. What is used to estimate a phylogeny?
Morphological characteristics and DNA sequence
To apply parsimony to constructing a phylogenetic tree, choose the tree:
in which the branch points are based on as many shared derived characters possible
assumes all evolutional changes are equally probable
fewest branch points
represents the fewest evo changes
represents the fewest evo changes
Three living species X, Y, Z share common ancestor T, so do extinct species U and V. A grouping that consists species T, X, Y, and Z, but not U or V is a ________ group
ParaIphyletic
if you were using cladistics to build a phylogenetic tree of cats, which of the following would be the best outgroup:
Lion, wolf, leopard, or domestic cat
Wolf
Which of the following statements is accurate with regard to a phylogeny as represented by a phyloTree
Shared ancestral characters are excellent traits to use in developing a phylogeny
A monophyletic group can be properly based on convergent features
Members of the same clade likely share many derived characters
The ancestrial group often has all the derived characters of the descendant species
Members of the same clade likely share many derived characters
Which of the following taxa are problematic when the goal is to construct phylogenies that accurately reflect evolutionary history
Paraphyletic
Polyphyletic
Monophyletic
Poly + Para
Poly and Para
What is the function of fimbriae
they are used to attach the cell to its substrate or to other prokaryotes
Which characteristics allows this bacterium to adhere to the intestinal lining?
Fimbraie
A bacterium has the following characteristics:
- It adheres to the human intestinal lining using a feature that protects it from phagocytes, bacteriophages, and dehydration
- It can survive being boiled
- It contains no plasmids and relatively little peptidoglycan
Which of the following statements best describe the cell wall of this bacterium?
- Gram Neg
- It has an outer membrane of lipopolysaccharide.
- It is mostly composed of cross-linked polysaccharide
- ts innermost layer is composed of a phospholipid bilayer.
It has an outer membrane of lipopolysaccharide.
The total biomass of _______ is approximately ten times the total biomass of ________________
(Eukaryotes/Prokaryotes)
Prokaryotes, eukaryotes
Which of the following statements correctly answers how the large amount of genetic variation observed in prokaryotes arises?
1. The mutation rate in prokaryotes is much higher than in eukaryotes.
2. They have extremely short generation times and large populations.
3. They can exchange DNA with many types of prokaryotes by way of horizontal gene transfer.
2 and 3
Which process leads to genetic recombination by the introduction of viral DNA into a bacterium?
transduction
Bacteria that live around deep-sea, hot-water vents obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic hydrogen sulfide belched out by the vents. They use this energy to build organic molecules from carbon obtained from the carbon dioxide in seawater. These bacteria are __________.
chemoautotrophs
What is an obligate anaerobe
poisioned by O2
What is the difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs
their source of carbon
A bacterium that lives in the human intestine derives its nutrition by digesting the contents of the intestine. Which mode of nutrition best describes this bacterium?
anaerobic chemoheterotroph
The prokaryotic organisms most likely to be found living in salt ponds are the __________.
extreme halophiles
Which of the following statements is true?
Archaea and bacteria have identical membrane lipids.
The cell walls of archaea lack peptidoglycan.
No archaea are capable of using CO2 to oxidize Upper H2, releasing methane.
Prokaryotes have low levels of genetic diversity.
the cell walls of archaea lack peptidoglycan
While examining a rock surface, you have discovered an interesting new organism. Which of the following criteria will allow you to classify the organism as belonging to Bacteria but not Archaea or Eukarya?
The lipids in its plasma membrane consist of glycerol bonded to straight-chain fatty acids.
Cell walls are made primarily of peptidoglycan.
The organism does not have a nucleus.
It can survive at a temperature over 100°C.
Cell walls are mainly peptidoglycan
Assuming that each of these prokaryotes possesses a cell wall, which ones are expected to be most strongly resistant to significant water loss in hypertonic environments?
extreme halophiles
An ecological relationship between organisms of different species that are in direct contact can best be described as __________.
symbiotic
Which of the following describes a bacterium that lives in the human intestine and causes disease?
symbiotic pathogen
If all prokaryotes on Earth suddenly vanished, which of the following would be the most likely and most direct result?
bacteriophage numbers would dramatically increase
there would be no more pathogens
the recycling of nutrients would be greatly reduced
human populations would thrive in the absence of disease
the recycling of nutrients would be greatly reduced
Which domain consists of all the organisms whose cells have true nuclei?
Eukarya
What is secondary endosymbiosis
An organism containing an endosymbiont is engulfed by another organism and becomes an endosymbiont
Plastids that are surrounded by more than two membranes are evidence of
secondary endosymbiosis
The chloroplasts of land plants are thought to have been derived according to which evolutionary sequence?
cyanobacteria -> green algae -> land plants
What characteristics are common among all protists
Eukaryotic
An individual mixotroph loses its plastids, yet continues to survive. What best explains this organism’s continued survival?
It engulfs organic material by phagocytosis or by absorption
Which protists have chloroplasts (or structures since evolved from chloroplasts) thought to be derived from ancestral green algae?
chlorarachniophytes
Each mitochondrion has its own ________ supporting the hypothesis of the endosymbiotic origin of mito
DNA molecules
Which of the following are two groups that are adapted to anaerobic conditions and contain modified mitochondria that lack DNA?
apicomplexans and forams
gymnamoebas and slime molds
dinoflagellates and diatoms
diplomonads and parabasalids
chlorophytes and radiolarians
diplomonads and parabasalids
Trypanosome infections evade attacks by host immune systems through which of the following mechanisms?
production of new cell-surface proteins with a different molecular structure by each new generation
Many parasitic members of the excavates lack plastids and have highly reduced mitochondria. These parasites typically live in _____ (High/Low)-oxygen conditions
low
therefore loss of genes for plastids and mitochondria did not result in lower fitness.
What mitigation strategies would be best in drug-resistant strain of Plasmodium
widespred, frequent use of single drug in patients infected w malaria
A sign on the beach states,”Beach Closed, Red Tide”. The organisms interfering with your use of this beach are probably __________.
dinoflagellates
Many types of foraminiferans form a symbiotic relationship with __________.
algae
When a mosquito infected with Plasmodium first bites a human, what is the first process carried out by the Plasmodium?
the cells infect the human liver cells
What is the ecological role of apicomplexans
parasites of animals
apicomplexan(imals)
How many flagella do dinoflagellates have
2
A porous test (shell) of calcium carbonate, through which pseudopodia protrude, is characteristic of which of the following groups of organisms?
Foraminiferans
You have discovered a new species aquatic protist that is a primary producer. It cannot swim on its own. It appears to be resistant to physical damage from wave action due to the presence of a glass-like wall. Which of the following organisms would this organism be most like?
diatom
brown seaweed grows in ________ and undergoes ____ alternation of generations
shallow, cold water
heteromorphic
Healthy individuals of Paramecium bursaria contain photosynthetic algal endosymbionts of the genus Chlorella. The Chlorella provide their hosts with glucose and oxygen, and P. bursaria provides its Chlorella with protection and motility.
Which term best describes the symbiotic relationship of well-fed P. bursaria to Chlorella?
mutualistic
Ciliates like Paramecium typically reproduce asexually. Which process in Paramecium results in genetic recombination but no increase in population size?
conjugation
In a recent study, researchers found that carbon dioxide was pumped to the ocean floor after adding a small amount of iron to the water. Which of the following organisms was likely responsible for this result?
diatoms
Which group is correctly paired with its description?
diatoms-important consumers in aquatic communities
diplomonads-protists with modified mitochondria.
red algae-acquired plastids by secondary endosymbiosis
apicomplexans-producers with intricate life cycles
Diplomonads-> Protist with modified mito
Green algae and plants are placed in the same phylogenetic group. Which of the following statements presents evidence to support this classification?
similarities in chloroplast structure and pigment composition
Slime molds and fungi were once included in the same taxonomic group due to some specific similarities in morphology and lifestyle. These two groups are now classified in different taxonomic groups. How would you describe these similarities now that the two groups are classified separately?
the similarities are examples of convergent evolution
Which of the following types of protists causes the potentially fatal disease dysentery?
Entamoeba histolytica
(Enta History)
You have discovered that some members of an aquatic species of motile, photosynthetic protists have evolved to become parasitic to fish. They gain the ability to live in the fish gut, absorbing nutrients as the fish digests food. Over time, which of the following phenotypic changes would you expect to observe in this population of protists?
loss of motility
loss of chloroplasts
gain of a rigid cell wall
gain of meiosis
loss of chloroplasts
Healthy individuals of Paramecium bursaria contain photosynthetic algal endosymbionts of the genus Chlorella. In addition, P. bursaria also ingests bacteria.
Which term most accurately describes the nutritional mode of healthy P. bursaria?
mixotroph
In asexual reproduction, do the gametes fuse?
no
Suppose two species live in close contact with each other. One species benefits by eating the tissues of the other, and the other is harmed (by having its tissues consumed). The ecological interaction between these species is an example of
parasitism and symbiosis.
The main difference btw plants and fungi is that fungi are _____trophic, but plants are ____trophic.
Fungi are heterotrophic, but plants are autotrophic.
Fungi obtain nutrients through _____.
absorption
The body of most fungi consists of threadlike __________, which form a network called a __________.
hyphae, mycelium
An important example of interaction between fungi and certain other organisms is mycorrhizae, in which the fungal partners _____.
help plants take up nutrients and water
What are the filamentous mats formed by most fungi called?
mycelia
If all fungi in an environment were to suddenly die, then which group of organisms is most likely to benefit, due to the fact that its fungal competitors have been removed?
prokaryotes
A fungal spore germinates, giving rise to a mycelium that grows outward into the soil surrounding the site where the spore originally landed. Which of the following accounts for the outward growth of the mycelium?
cytoplasmic streaming in hyphae
Which of the following statements describes an adaptive advantage associated with the filamentous nature of fungal mycelia?
an extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth and absorptive nutrition
Some fungal species live in plants and can kill herbivores that feed on the plant. What type of relationship does this fungus have with its host?
mutualistic
What sexual processes in fungi generate genetic variation?
karyogamy and meiosis
At which stage of a basidiomycete’s life cycle would reproduction be halted if an enzyme that prevented the fusion of hyphae was introduced?
plasmogamy
Plasmogamy can directly result in which of the following types of cells?
heterokaryotic cells or dikaryotic cells
Which of the following describes a reproductive strategy in yeast?
they pinch off “bud cells” that are smaller than the parent cell
The closest relatives of fungi are thought to be the
animals
Which of the following describes the evolution of multicellularity in fungi and animals?
convergent evolution
Chitin is a long-chain polymer derived from glucose. It strengthens cell walls of fungi and the outer covering (exoskeleton) of arthropods (including crabs, shrimps, and insects). The presence of chitin in these groups is likely the result of which of the following processes?
convergent evolution
Almost all of the members of which phylum form arbuscular mycorrhizae in a mutualistic partnership with plants?
phylum MUcoroMYcota
Which of the following structures carries out sexual reproduction in ascomycetes?
ascocarps
You observe the gametes of a fungal species under the microscope and realize that they resemble animal sperm. To which of the following groups does the fungus belong?
chytrids
Which of the following types of fungi often live in the digestive tracts of sheep and cattle?
chytrids
Which of the following statements describes the relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic microorganism in a lichen?
the fungus provides the photosynthetic microorganism a suitable environment for growth
A billionaire buys a sterile volcanic island that recently emerged from the sea. Seeding the island with which of the following would most likely accelerate the development of conditions that would support plant growth?
lichens
Which of the following best describes the physical relationship of the partners involved in lichens?
Photosynthetic cells are surrounded by fungal hyphae.
define phylogeny
Evolutionary History
Constructed via systematics (focus on classification)
what is the system of naming species? What are the parts
Binomial Nomenclature
Genus + specific epithet
All Italic, Genus capital epithet lowercase
Order of hierarcy in order (8)
domain, Kingdom, Phylum, class, order, family, genus, speices
[Dear King Philip came over for good soup
what is a named group of organisms
Taxon
Phylo Trees use ____ and _____________ to organize evolutionary history
DNA and Protein signals
What is a clade
a group that includes ancestrial lineage and ALL descendants (1 ancestor, mono)
In a phylo tree, what is the ancestral population from which all the other species originate called
root
In a phylo tree, a branching point
from the ancestral
population is called
Node
What is a sister taxon
organisms that share an ancestor that no other org shares
What are homologies
phenotypic and genetic similarites due to shared ancestors
What is an analogy
similarites between organisms due to convergent evolution (similar env pressures=similar adaptations)
What is the difference between Homologies and analogy
Homologies share ancestors while analogy share environmental pressures
What animal does Linnean system and phylo disagree on
Birds being in its own class (aves) and reptiles in class reptilia, while phylo has them both under reptilia
When reconstructing phylo trees, should you use homologies or analogies?
Homologous characters
Approach to systematics where organisms are grouped into clades using common ancestors
Cladistics
A taxon is considered a clade if its _____phyletic
monophyletic
Monophyletic
Paraphyletic
Polyphyletic
Mono: 1 tribe
Para: Ancestral species and some (NOT ALL) of its descendants (short some)
Poly: Most recent common ancestors is not part of the clade (too many)
What are characteristics that originate in the ancestor and is present in all descendants
Shared ancestorial characters
EX:Vertebral column
Evolutation novelty that is unique to a particular clade but not necessarily the ancestor
Shared derived characteristics
can also include the loss of a characteristic
EX: Hair in mammals
What is the difference btw shared ancestorial and shared derived characteristics
Ancestorial characteristics came from the ancestor, but the ancestor didn’t necessarily have the characteristics, but the rest of the clade did.
a species or group of species from an evolutionary
lineage that is known to have diverged before the lineage that contains the group
of species being studied
outgroup
Maximum parsimony
investigates the simplist phylo tree organization
Helps with the growing # of spieces
T/F: Phylo tree is a hypothesis
true
What domain are Prokaryotes in
Bacteria and Archeria
Cell wall function
maintain cell shape and protection
Prevents bursting in hypertonic environment
What are cell walls made of in Plants, fungi, and bacteria
Plants: cellulose
Fungi: Chitin
Bac: Peptidoglycan (main diff btw bacteria and archaea)
What color is gram pos and neg and what do each represent
Pos: stain purple
Neg: pink
Positive= thick peptido layer=less complex=bateria
What is a capsule in bacteria
dense, well defined or slime layer
sticky outermost layer that adheres to substrate
protects against dehydration and host attacks
What are endospores
extremely durable for lack of water
(can be boiled)
can be dormant for years when not in hostile environments
What are fimbrae
hair like structure that allows substrates to stick to eachoteher
What % of prokaryotes can move and direct movement towards a stimulant
50%
Where on a cell are flagella? how many can there be?
can be all over cell surface or concentrated and either end
mannnnyy
How do prokaryotes reproduce? how do they get genetic diversity?
asexually
Diversity comes from rapid reproduction and mutations + DNA replication errors
Binary Fission
What are the 3 types of genetic recombination and how do they occur?
Transformation: Uptake of foreign DNA
Transduction: phages/virus carry prokaryotic genes from 1host to another
Conjugation: DNA is transferred between 2 prokaryotic cells that are temporarily joined (Only travels from donor to recipient)
Obligate aerobe
obligate anarobe
facilitated anarobe
Microaerphile
Ob AE: must have O2 to grow
Ob ANA: O2 is letal
Facilitated ANA: Can use O2 but can also ferment (prefers O2)
Microaerphile: Only like a small amt of O2
Which is bigger, eukaryote cells or prokaryote cells
eukaryotes
Heterotroph
Relies on organic compounds
Are proteobacteria gram neg or gram pos? Pathogenic or nonpathogenic
negitive
nonpatho
What is the second largest discovered bacteria
Largest?
Thiomagnta Namibiensis
Thiomargarita magnifica
3 pathogenic Proteobacteria
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
* Causes gonorrhea
Vibrio cholerae
* Causes cholera
Helicobacter pylori
* Causes stomach ulcers
Spirochetes
Shape?
Neg or Pos?
Filaments?
Patogenic or no?
spiral-shaped, gram negative heterotrophs, with flagellum-like filaments
Most are free-living but some are severely pathogentic
2 Spirochete (pathogenic)
reponema pallidum (syphilis)
Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease)
2 types of archaea extremophiles
Halo=likes salt
thermo=high temp
What archaea release methane as a by-product of how they obtain energy
mehogens
3 types of symbiosis
Mutualism: both benifit
Commensalims: one benefits and the other is not harmed/helped
Parasitism: parasite harms host
What domain are nucleus and membrane bound organelles
eukaryotes
Some _______________trophic prokaryotes function to decompose
chemoheterotrophic
all the pathogenic prokaryotes known to date are _______
bacteria
Cytoskeleton
structural support and change shape as growth occurs in eukaryotes
what shape is DNA in eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Eu: Linear
Pro: Circular
Protists are more related to ______________ that other protists
other kingdoms
Most Eukaryotes are _____
protists
How can protists reproduce?
asexual and sexual
Endosymbiosis
Main example
1 organism can live inside the cell of another
mitochondria
Photosynthetic ___________ evolved into ______ creating photosynthetic protists such as algae
Photosynthetic cyanobacterium evolved into plastids
What is a supergroup
A large group of orgs that share a common ancestor and unique characteristics
3 groups in supergroup Excavata
Diplomandads, parabasilids, eglenozoans
Diplomonads
plastids? mito?
O2?
Supergroup?
lacks plastids and has reduced mitochondrion
Lack ETC and can’t use O2 for energy (anaerobic)
Have 2 Nuclei
In supergroup excavata
Parabaslids
characterized by?
mito?
Supergroup?
characterized by parabasal organ (similar to golgi)
Have reduced mito -> some energy anaerobically
Supergroup excavata
Euglenozoans
nutrition?
Supergroup?
flagellated protist
Include predatory heterotrophs, photosynthetic autotrophs, and pathogenic parasites
supergroup Excavata
What are the 2 most studied groups of euglenoids
kinetoplasts and euglenoids
What is the defining trait of kinetoplasts
What group is it in?
What can it cause? how is it carried?
(within group euglenoids)
Large, single mito that contains a mass of DNA called kinetoplasts
Causes trypanosoma (Sleeping sickness/Chageas disease), carried by tsetse fly
Uses bait and switch (changes surface protein to confuse immune system)
What is the defining characteristic of euglenozoans?
What group is it in?
How does it get nutrition?
Within group euglenoids
has a pocket on one end where flagella emerge
Has an eyespot to detect light
Mixotrophs preforms phagocytosis
3 groups within Supergroup SAR
Stramenopiles, Alveolates, Rhizarians
Stramenopiles
Flagella?
Ecological factor?
Supergroup?
covered in hairlike flagella and is an important photosynthetic organism
Supergroup SAR
3 kinds of Stramenopiles
Diatoms
Brown Algae
Oomycetes
What are Diatoms
Group? Supergroup?
unicellular algae
has glass-like walls (protect from crushing pressure)
makes 20-30% of air we breath
Stramenopiles, supergroup SAR
What is the largest and most complex algae
What causes it’s color?
Group? Supergroup?
Brown Algae
carotenoids
In group stramenopiles, , Stramenopiles, Supergroup SAR
Is algae a plant?
Seaweed?
NO
Root like structure in algae
Holdfast
Stem like structure in algae
Stipe
Leaf like structure in algae
Blade
Sporophytes and Gametophytes
In algae
Sporo: Diploid individual produces haploid spores
Game: Produce gametes
What is heteromorphic and isomorphic
Hetero: Structurally different Sporophytes and gametophytes
Iso: Structurally the same
What are oomycetes
Cell wall?
Hyphae? Plastids?
Group? Supergroup?
Egg-fungus/water molds/water rust
Cell wall has cellulose
Branching hyphae
No plastids (decomposers), no photosynthesis
In group Stramenopiles, Straminopile, supergroup SAR
What is the defining characteristic of Alveolates? 3 types?
characterized by alveoli (membrane-bound sacs)
Supergroup SARS
Dinoflagellates, Apicomplexans, Ciliates
Dinoflagellates
Structure?
Causes?
Subtype?
Group? Supergroup?
Reinforced cellulose plates
Causes Red tide
Noctilnea- Bioilluminecense
Group Alveolates, Supergroup SARS
Apicomplexins
reproduction?
Causes….
Most parasites in animals
Spread via sporozites
Sexual and asexual
Causes malaria
Lifecycle of Malaria
- Mosquito bites
- develops in the liver (asexual, asymptomatic)
- moves to RBC and continues to grow (symptomatic)
- punctures RBC; some continue to infect other RBC, some become M/F and infect mosquitoes that bite the host,
- Infects mosiqutos (sexual)
Ciliates
Movement?
Group? Supergroup?
Cilia for movement + feeding
ciliary beating: gradual, slow, controlled movement
Group alveolates, Supergroup SAR
Defining Characteristics of Group Rhizarians
3 types?
Mostly ameoba
Pseudopodia (fake feet) alter shape to move
radiolarians, Forams, Cercozoans
Radiolarians
Skeleton?
nutrition?
Group? Supergroup?
Symetrical w internal skeleton made of silica
Pseudopodia
Can eat micro-orgs that attach to feet
In group Rhizarians, Supergroup SAR
Forams/Foraminferans
surrounding structure?
Group? Supergroup?
“Little Holes”
Porus shell called tests made of single organic material, hardened w calcium carbonate
Pseudopida comes out of pores
Photosynthetic symbiotic algae within tests
In group rhizarians, Supergroup SAR
Cercozoans
found?
nutirence?
Subtype?
Found in water
Mostly parasitic and predators
Chlorarachniophytes: mixotrph, ingest small protists + photosynthesis
some have entosymbiosis
Cytoplasmic streaming
used by?
carrying the captured prey into the main part of the cell
Used by radiolarians who use feet to capture prey
Diff btw parasite and preditor
Parasite: attach
Pred: chase
Supergroup Archaeplastids
Have plastids from 2ndary endosymbiosis
Heterotrophic protists
Red/Green Algae
What supergroup is red, green, and brown algae in
Red/Green: archaeplastids
Brown: SAR
Red Algae (Rhodophytes)
Color?
Where?
Whats its parasite?
Flagella?
Supergroup?
Phycoerythrin covers green of chlorophyll
Shallow water mainly, deep water=more red
Algae w/ no phycoerythrin parasite off it
NO FLAGELLA, relies on current
Supergroup Archaeplastids
what is the reproductive difference btw red and green algae
Red doesn’t have flagella and relies on current
Green Algae (viridiplante)
2 types?
Structure?
Supergroup?
Closely related to plants, similar pigment makeup)
2 types: Charophytes and chlorophytes
Supergroup Archeaplastids
Main similarity btw green algae and plants
similar pigment composition
Chlorophytes Algae
where?
reproduction
examples (4)
Group? Supergroup?
Freshwater
sexual and asexual
Chlamydomonas, Pediestrum
Ulva, Caulerpa
Green Algae-> Archeaplastids
live independently as phytoplankton or symbiotically w other eukaryotes
Group? Subgroup?
Chlamydomonas Algae
Chlorophyte-> Green Algae
Pediestrum Algae
form?
Group? Subgroup?
Pond algae
independent cells in colony
Chlorophyte-> Green Algae
Ulva Algae
structure?
Group? Subgroup?
Sea Lettuce
have blades and holdfast
multicellular body
Chlorophyte-> Green Algae
Caulerpa Algae
where?
cell type?
Group? Subgroup?
intertidal
1 cell w multiple nuclei
“one big super cell”
Chlorophyte-> Green Algae
What kind of green algae is most like plants
charophytes
Supergroup Unikonta
Main clades?
Animals, fungi, and some protists
Amoebozoans (protists) and Opisthokonts
Amebozoans
shape?
2 sub
Supergroup?
Lobe/tube-shaped pseudopodia
includes entamoeba and slime molds
Supergroup unikonta
Slime molds
reproduce?
Group? Supergroup?
like fungi
Make fruiting bodies
Amebozoans, supergroup unikonta
Plasmodial slime mold
Color?
mass?
nutrition?
Reproduction?
Group? Supergroup?
Bright yellow
form a mass called plasmodium
extend pseuopodium and preform phagocitosis
shoot out spores and hope for best
amebozoans, supergroup unikonta
Cellular slime mold
where?
reproduction?
Group? Supergroup?
forest floor
during fruiting body, stalks dry out and die, spreading seeds
amebozoans, supergroup unikonta
Entameobas
causes?
Group? Supergroup?
Symbiotic parasites
causes amoebic dysentery
amebozoans, supergroup unikonta
Opsthokonts
Whats in the group?
Supergroup?
animals, fungi, more protists
Supergroup unikonta
how do fungi spread spores
fruiting body
What are hyphae
important multicellular filament in fungi
Network of tiny, connected filaments that make up mycelium
divided by crosswalls
How do fungi get nutrients
absorbed thru hyphae
Hydrolytic enzymes
breaks down molecules into smaller organic compounds
Mycelium
network of hyphae
What is a unicellular fungi
yeast
All growing energy in fungi go to …..
hyphae
Specialized hyphae can feed on ….
can feed on live animals
what are Arbuscules and what do they do?
Mycorrhizae?
branching hyphae that allow
fungi to exchange nutrients
with living plants
My: fugal ‘roots’ Mutually beneficial relationships between fungi and plant roots
2 types of Mycorrhizal (mutualistic) Fungi
how do they work?
Ectomycorrhizal fungi: Form sheaths of hyphae
over the surface of a root
Arbuscular mycorrhizal
fungi: Extend arbuscules through
the root cell wall and into
tubes formed by
invagination
In Fungi, sexual reproduction happens when hyphae from 2 different mycelia release ________
pheromones
For fungi, if 2 different mating types are present and compatible then…..
hyphae will extend
toward source of
pheromone and fuse (syngamy)
Define Plasmogamy
First step of Fungi lifecycle
the union of the cytoplasm of two parent mycelia
2+ Nuclei
What are the stages of the fungi life cycle (Sexual)
Asexual?
Plasmogamy, Karyogamy, meiosis, germination
As: Meiosis, germination
Karyogamy
2nd Step of fungi lifecycle
2 nuclei from plasmogamy fuse to form a diploid zygote
Many Fungi reproduce asexually
by growing as _______. Producing haploid spores by mitosis (what we usually call “_______”)
filamentous fungi
Molds
If fungi don’t have sexual
repro then they are ________
deuteromycete
Which of the eukaryotic groups are fungi are most closely related to?
animals
What are the 7 fungal lineages
Cryptomycetes, Microsporidians, Chytrids, Zoopagomycetes, Mucoromycetes, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycites
(Ask zoo basid much micro crytpo chy)
Cryptomycetes Fungi
Ana/Aerobic?
How many cells
Flagella?
Aerobic and anaerobic
Unicellular
Flagellated spores
Microsporidians Fungi
Nutrition?
Ecological factor?
Parasite
Collapse colonies of bees
Chytrids Fungi
Nutrition?
Flagella?
Amphibian Parasite
Flagellated
Zoopagomycetes Fungi
How many cells?
Nutrition
reproduction & Flagella?
Special Characteristic
Multicellular
Parasitic or symbiotic
reproduce asexually by
producing non-flagellated
spores
zygosporangium –
houses and protects zygote
during sexual reproduction
Mucoromycetes
What does it do?
Rots food
Black Bread mold
Ascomycetes
reproduction?
Name of fruiting body?
“Sac fungi”
Produce spores (ascospores)
in saclike structures called asci
Fruiting body = ascocarp
Basidiomycites
Example?
Name of fruiting body?
How long does it take & why?
Include mutualists that form
mycorrhizae and two groups
of destructive plant parasites
- Common mushrooms
Fruiting body = basidiocarp
Concentrates growth to hyphae= fruiting body in just a few hours
All plant species harbor symbiotic _________ (harmless fungi or
another organism) that live inside leaves or other plant parts
endophytes
What is a common example of A symbiotic association
between a photosynthetic
microorganism and a fungus
lichen
general term for an
infection of an animal by a
fungal parasite
Mycosis
Which structure enables eukaryotes to change their shape as they feed, move, or grow
Cytoskeleton
Why has the kingdom “Protista” become a ‘non-true’ kingdom amongst many scientists
Bc protists are more closely related toother eukaryotic kingdoms than other protists
Trypanosoma uses a mechanism called ‘bait-and-switch’ to evade the immune system. What does this mean
they switch their surface protiens
Brown algae have plant-like structures. Which is closest to a stipe
stem
Where do plasmodium spp. conduct sexual reproduction
in the mosquito gut
Rhodophytes (red algae) exhibit red coloration due to the photosynthetic pigment called _______
phycoerthrin
What characteristics do most fungi species share
how they take up nutrition and how they grow
Fungal cell wall is strengthened by chitin bc….
nutrient absorption leads to water uptake into hyphae
What is it called when the haploid nuclei fuse and produce diploid cell during fungal sexual reproduction?
karyagamy
Linnaean system vs. phylogenetic trees. How do they differ and how
are they similar?
Linnaeus classified organisms based on morphology
Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a group of related organisms.
What causes strep
Streptococcus pyogenes
What causes syphilis
Treponema pallidum
What causes Lyme Disease
Borrelia burgdorferi
What is Anthrax’s scientific name
Bacillus anthracis
Found in soil
Used to develop antibiotics
Streptomyces spp
How are fungi similar to animals? How do they differ?
Heterotrophs like animals
Absorb food vs ingest food
