Bio Test 1 Flashcards
Carolus Linnaeus believed that species remained fixed in the form in which they had been created. Which of the following concepts are inconsistent with Linnaeus’s model of classification:
Taxonomy
nested, increasingly inclusive
Hierarchical classification
Phylogenies
Phylogenies
Which of the following taxonomic categories contain all the others listed?
Class
genus
order
family
Species
class
In which type of classification system are names assigned only to groups that include a common ancestor and all of its descendants
a system based entirely on evolutionary history
Select the correct statement about phylogenetic trees
PhyTrees always show increased branching representing increased diversity over time
PhyTrees may expand quickly to maximum width and then narrow over time
All PhyTrees are similarly shaped
PhyTrees may expand quickly to maximum width and then narrow over time
animals that possess homologous structures probably
evolved from the same ancestor
analogous structures are similar because
the species underwent silimar mutations from similar events
Some beetles and flies have antler-like structures on their heads, much like male deer. The existence of antlers in beetles, fly, and deer species w strong male-male competition is an example of what
Convergent evolution
The term convergent evolution is most applicable to wich of the following characteristics?
the fur that covers Austrialian and US moles
The layer of fat found under skin of mammals like dolphins/polar bears
Presence of opposable thumbs in humans/chimps
Wing of bat/Chicken
Wing of Bat/Chicken
Which of the following pairs is the best example of homologous structures
Bones in bat wing vs bones in human forlimb
Shape of dorsal fin in dolphins/sharks
Winds of owl/hornet
Eyelessness of Australian/US mole
Bones in bat wing vs bones in human forlimb
By Definitions, a clade is _____
Para/Poly/monophyletic
Monophyletic
Systematics have used a wide variety of traits to reconstruct the phylogenies of groups of orgs. What is used to estimate a phylogeny?
Morphological characteristics and DNA sequence
To apply parsimony to constructing a phylogenetic tree, choose the tree:
in which the branch points are based on as many shared derived characters possible
assumes all evolutional changes are equally probable
fewest branch points
represents the fewest evo changes
represents the fewest evo changes
Three living species X, Y, Z share common ancestor T, so do extinct species U and V. A grouping that consists species T, X, Y, and Z, but not U or V is a ________ group
ParaIphyletic
if you were using cladistics to build a phylogenetic tree of cats, which of the following would be the best outgroup:
Lion, wolf, leopard, or domestic cat
Wolf
Which of the following statements is accurate with regard to a phylogeny as represented by a phyloTree
Shared ancestral characters are excellent traits to use in developing a phylogeny
A monophyletic group can be properly based on convergent features
Members of the same clade likely share many derived characters
The ancestrial group often has all the derived characters of the descendant species
Members of the same clade likely share many derived characters
Which of the following taxa are problematic when the goal is to construct phylogenies that accurately reflect evolutionary history
Paraphyletic
Polyphyletic
Monophyletic
Poly + Para
Poly and Para
What is the function of fimbriae
they are used to attach the cell to its substrate or to other prokaryotes
Which characteristics allows this bacterium to adhere to the intestinal lining?
Fimbraie
A bacterium has the following characteristics:
- It adheres to the human intestinal lining using a feature that protects it from phagocytes, bacteriophages, and dehydration
- It can survive being boiled
- It contains no plasmids and relatively little peptidoglycan
Which of the following statements best describe the cell wall of this bacterium?
- Gram Neg
- It has an outer membrane of lipopolysaccharide.
- It is mostly composed of cross-linked polysaccharide
- ts innermost layer is composed of a phospholipid bilayer.
It has an outer membrane of lipopolysaccharide.
The total biomass of _______ is approximately ten times the total biomass of ________________
(Eukaryotes/Prokaryotes)
Prokaryotes, eukaryotes
Which of the following statements correctly answers how the large amount of genetic variation observed in prokaryotes arises?
1. The mutation rate in prokaryotes is much higher than in eukaryotes.
2. They have extremely short generation times and large populations.
3. They can exchange DNA with many types of prokaryotes by way of horizontal gene transfer.
2 and 3
Which process leads to genetic recombination by the introduction of viral DNA into a bacterium?
transduction
Bacteria that live around deep-sea, hot-water vents obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic hydrogen sulfide belched out by the vents. They use this energy to build organic molecules from carbon obtained from the carbon dioxide in seawater. These bacteria are __________.
chemoautotrophs
What is an obligate anaerobe
poisioned by O2
What is the difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs
their source of carbon
A bacterium that lives in the human intestine derives its nutrition by digesting the contents of the intestine. Which mode of nutrition best describes this bacterium?
anaerobic chemoheterotroph
The prokaryotic organisms most likely to be found living in salt ponds are the __________.
extreme halophiles
Which of the following statements is true?
Archaea and bacteria have identical membrane lipids.
The cell walls of archaea lack peptidoglycan.
No archaea are capable of using CO2 to oxidize Upper H2, releasing methane.
Prokaryotes have low levels of genetic diversity.
the cell walls of archaea lack peptidoglycan
While examining a rock surface, you have discovered an interesting new organism. Which of the following criteria will allow you to classify the organism as belonging to Bacteria but not Archaea or Eukarya?
The lipids in its plasma membrane consist of glycerol bonded to straight-chain fatty acids.
Cell walls are made primarily of peptidoglycan.
The organism does not have a nucleus.
It can survive at a temperature over 100°C.
Cell walls are mainly peptidoglycan
Assuming that each of these prokaryotes possesses a cell wall, which ones are expected to be most strongly resistant to significant water loss in hypertonic environments?
extreme halophiles
An ecological relationship between organisms of different species that are in direct contact can best be described as __________.
symbiotic
Which of the following describes a bacterium that lives in the human intestine and causes disease?
symbiotic pathogen
If all prokaryotes on Earth suddenly vanished, which of the following would be the most likely and most direct result?
bacteriophage numbers would dramatically increase
there would be no more pathogens
the recycling of nutrients would be greatly reduced
human populations would thrive in the absence of disease
the recycling of nutrients would be greatly reduced
Which domain consists of all the organisms whose cells have true nuclei?
Eukarya
What is secondary endosymbiosis
An organism containing an endosymbiont is engulfed by another organism and becomes an endosymbiont
Plastids that are surrounded by more than two membranes are evidence of
secondary endosymbiosis
The chloroplasts of land plants are thought to have been derived according to which evolutionary sequence?
cyanobacteria -> green algae -> land plants
What characteristics are common among all protists
Eukaryotic
An individual mixotroph loses its plastids, yet continues to survive. What best explains this organism’s continued survival?
It engulfs organic material by phagocytosis or by absorption
Which protists have chloroplasts (or structures since evolved from chloroplasts) thought to be derived from ancestral green algae?
chlorarachniophytes
Each mitochondrion has its own ________ supporting the hypothesis of the endosymbiotic origin of mito
DNA molecules
Which of the following are two groups that are adapted to anaerobic conditions and contain modified mitochondria that lack DNA?
apicomplexans and forams
gymnamoebas and slime molds
dinoflagellates and diatoms
diplomonads and parabasalids
chlorophytes and radiolarians
diplomonads and parabasalids
Trypanosome infections evade attacks by host immune systems through which of the following mechanisms?
production of new cell-surface proteins with a different molecular structure by each new generation
Many parasitic members of the excavates lack plastids and have highly reduced mitochondria. These parasites typically live in _____ (High/Low)-oxygen conditions
low
therefore loss of genes for plastids and mitochondria did not result in lower fitness.
What mitigation strategies would be best in drug-resistant strain of Plasmodium
widespred, frequent use of single drug in patients infected w malaria
A sign on the beach states,”Beach Closed, Red Tide”. The organisms interfering with your use of this beach are probably __________.
dinoflagellates
Many types of foraminiferans form a symbiotic relationship with __________.
algae
When a mosquito infected with Plasmodium first bites a human, what is the first process carried out by the Plasmodium?
the cells infect the human liver cells
What is the ecological role of apicomplexans
parasites of animals
apicomplexan(imals)
How many flagella do dinoflagellates have
2
A porous test (shell) of calcium carbonate, through which pseudopodia protrude, is characteristic of which of the following groups of organisms?
Foraminiferans
You have discovered a new species aquatic protist that is a primary producer. It cannot swim on its own. It appears to be resistant to physical damage from wave action due to the presence of a glass-like wall. Which of the following organisms would this organism be most like?
diatom
brown seaweed grows in ________ and undergoes ____ alternation of generations
shallow, cold water
heteromorphic
Healthy individuals of Paramecium bursaria contain photosynthetic algal endosymbionts of the genus Chlorella. The Chlorella provide their hosts with glucose and oxygen, and P. bursaria provides its Chlorella with protection and motility.
Which term best describes the symbiotic relationship of well-fed P. bursaria to Chlorella?
mutualistic
Ciliates like Paramecium typically reproduce asexually. Which process in Paramecium results in genetic recombination but no increase in population size?
conjugation
In a recent study, researchers found that carbon dioxide was pumped to the ocean floor after adding a small amount of iron to the water. Which of the following organisms was likely responsible for this result?
diatoms
Which group is correctly paired with its description?
diatoms-important consumers in aquatic communities
diplomonads-protists with modified mitochondria.
red algae-acquired plastids by secondary endosymbiosis
apicomplexans-producers with intricate life cycles
Diplomonads-> Protist with modified mito
Green algae and plants are placed in the same phylogenetic group. Which of the following statements presents evidence to support this classification?
similarities in chloroplast structure and pigment composition
Slime molds and fungi were once included in the same taxonomic group due to some specific similarities in morphology and lifestyle. These two groups are now classified in different taxonomic groups. How would you describe these similarities now that the two groups are classified separately?
the similarities are examples of convergent evolution
Which of the following types of protists causes the potentially fatal disease dysentery?
Entamoeba histolytica
(Enta History)
You have discovered that some members of an aquatic species of motile, photosynthetic protists have evolved to become parasitic to fish. They gain the ability to live in the fish gut, absorbing nutrients as the fish digests food. Over time, which of the following phenotypic changes would you expect to observe in this population of protists?
loss of motility
loss of chloroplasts
gain of a rigid cell wall
gain of meiosis
loss of chloroplasts
Healthy individuals of Paramecium bursaria contain photosynthetic algal endosymbionts of the genus Chlorella. In addition, P. bursaria also ingests bacteria.
Which term most accurately describes the nutritional mode of healthy P. bursaria?
mixotroph
In asexual reproduction, do the gametes fuse?
no
Suppose two species live in close contact with each other. One species benefits by eating the tissues of the other, and the other is harmed (by having its tissues consumed). The ecological interaction between these species is an example of
parasitism and symbiosis.
The main difference btw plants and fungi is that fungi are _____trophic, but plants are ____trophic.
Fungi are heterotrophic, but plants are autotrophic.
Fungi obtain nutrients through _____.
absorption
The body of most fungi consists of threadlike __________, which form a network called a __________.
hyphae, mycelium
An important example of interaction between fungi and certain other organisms is mycorrhizae, in which the fungal partners _____.
help plants take up nutrients and water
What are the filamentous mats formed by most fungi called?
mycelia
If all fungi in an environment were to suddenly die, then which group of organisms is most likely to benefit, due to the fact that its fungal competitors have been removed?
prokaryotes
A fungal spore germinates, giving rise to a mycelium that grows outward into the soil surrounding the site where the spore originally landed. Which of the following accounts for the outward growth of the mycelium?
cytoplasmic streaming in hyphae
Which of the following statements describes an adaptive advantage associated with the filamentous nature of fungal mycelia?
an extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth and absorptive nutrition
Some fungal species live in plants and can kill herbivores that feed on the plant. What type of relationship does this fungus have with its host?
mutualistic
What sexual processes in fungi generate genetic variation?
karyogamy and meiosis
At which stage of a basidiomycete’s life cycle would reproduction be halted if an enzyme that prevented the fusion of hyphae was introduced?
plasmogamy
Plasmogamy can directly result in which of the following types of cells?
heterokaryotic cells or dikaryotic cells
Which of the following describes a reproductive strategy in yeast?
they pinch off “bud cells” that are smaller than the parent cell
The closest relatives of fungi are thought to be the
animals
Which of the following describes the evolution of multicellularity in fungi and animals?
convergent evolution
Chitin is a long-chain polymer derived from glucose. It strengthens cell walls of fungi and the outer covering (exoskeleton) of arthropods (including crabs, shrimps, and insects). The presence of chitin in these groups is likely the result of which of the following processes?
convergent evolution
Almost all of the members of which phylum form arbuscular mycorrhizae in a mutualistic partnership with plants?
phylum MUcoroMYcota
Which of the following structures carries out sexual reproduction in ascomycetes?
ascocarps
You observe the gametes of a fungal species under the microscope and realize that they resemble animal sperm. To which of the following groups does the fungus belong?
chytrids
Which of the following types of fungi often live in the digestive tracts of sheep and cattle?
chytrids
Which of the following statements describes the relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic microorganism in a lichen?
the fungus provides the photosynthetic microorganism a suitable environment for growth
A billionaire buys a sterile volcanic island that recently emerged from the sea. Seeding the island with which of the following would most likely accelerate the development of conditions that would support plant growth?
lichens
Which of the following best describes the physical relationship of the partners involved in lichens?
Photosynthetic cells are surrounded by fungal hyphae.
define phylogeny
Evolutionary History
Constructed via systematics (focus on classification)
what is the system of naming species? What are the parts
Binomial Nomenclature
Genus + specific epithet
All Italic, Genus capital epithet lowercase
Order of hierarcy in order (8)
domain, Kingdom, Phylum, class, order, family, genus, speices
[Dear King Philip came over for good soup
what is a named group of organisms
Taxon
Phylo Trees use ____ and _____________ to organize evolutionary history
DNA and Protein signals
What is a clade
a group that includes ancestrial lineage and ALL descendants (1 ancestor, mono)
In a phylo tree, what is the ancestral population from which all the other species originate called
root
