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F24 > Bio Final > Flashcards

Bio Final Flashcards

1
Q

________ is the evolutionary history of an organism

A

phylogeny

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2
Q

order of hierarchical classification

A

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, family, genus, Species

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3
Q

If Phylo tree: if a group consists of distinctly related species but does not include their common ancestor, you can descrbe the group as ____phyletic

A

Polyphyletic

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4
Q

Which of the following is false about prokaryotes:
small + reproduce rapidly
confined to water
mutations drive rapid evolution
single celled and make up Bacteria and archaea domains
lack membrane bound organelles

A

False: confined to aquatic environments

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5
Q

which is correct:
most bact walls have chitin
gram-pos are pink
gram-neg are structurally mroe complex

A

gram-neg are more complex

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6
Q

conjugation occurs when DNA is transferred btw 2 prokaryoutic cells via a ______

A

pilus

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7
Q

barry marshall won the 2005 nobel prize in physiology for his discovery of the bacterium ______ and its room in causing peptic ulcers by drinking it

A

helicobacter pylori

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8
Q

lyme diease is causde by ______

A

borrelia burgdorferi

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9
Q

t/f protist is anything not a plant/anima/fungus

A

true

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10
Q

fungi are highly efficient at maximizing their surface area to abosrb nutrients by _______

A

developing extensive networks of hyphae

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11
Q

_______ are mutualistiic associations of fungus and plant roots

A

mycorrhizae

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12
Q

Charophyte algae accumulated traits over time that alllowed them to live about the water line. which aof the following are not one of the traits:
cuticle for water retention
stomata for gas
roots for anchoarge
chloroplast for photosynthesis

A

Chloroplast for photosynthesis

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13
Q

Hepatophyta are referred to as

A

liverworts

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14
Q

What is xylem and phloem

A

xylem transports water and minerals, while pholem transports sugars and organic compounds

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15
Q

What are the 2 nitrogenous compounds that plants can absorb

A

Nitrate (NO3-) and ammonium (NH4+)

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16
Q

what is a clade of animals with tissues

A

Eumetazoa

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17
Q

______ may cause trichionosis when one consumes raw pork

A

Trichinella Spiralis

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18
Q

Crabs, lobsters, barnacles belong to the group _____

A

crustacea

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19
Q

What is paedomorphosis

A

retain larval/juvenile features in their adult stage

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20
Q

Which of the following are derived characteristic of mammals? Not derived?
mammary glands
hair
kidney
ectothermy

A

Derived: glands, hair, kidney
Ancetor: Ectothermy

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21
Q

Birds, mammals, and crocs have __-chambered hearts

A

four

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22
Q

which 2 teeth are used for crushing and grinding food in humans

A

premolars and molars

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23
Q

Monotremes are _____

A

egg-laying mammals

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24
Q

How do marsupial embryos receive nutrition

A

through a placenta that connects the embryo to the mothers bloodstream

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25
Q

What statement correctly compares new world and old world monkeys

A

new world have prehensile tails while old world do not

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26
Q

Whats the study of human origin called

A

paleoanthropology

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27
Q

T/F humans evolved from chimps

A

flase

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28
Q

Hominins are believed to have originated in___-

A

africa

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29
Q

Define Biodiversity

A

all of the diversity/variety of life on Earth

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30
Q

Define Systematics

A

study of evolutionary relationships between
organism(s)

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31
Q

Define Taxonomy

A

the science of naming organisms

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32
Q

Define Taxon (taxa)

A

a named group of organisms

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33
Q

Define Classification

A

assigning organisms to meaningful, hierarchical groups (like genera or families)

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34
Q

Define Phylogeny
Define its parts

A

evolutionary history of an organism(s); where
things originate; ancestry
PARTS:
Root: ancestral population
from which all the other
species originate
node: a branching point
from the ancestral
population
clade: a piece of a
phylogeny that includes an
ancestral lineage and all the
descendants of that ancestor

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35
Q

What is binomial nomenclature? How should it be typed and handwritten?

A

system of naming species? Genus (capital) + specific epithet (lower case) *all in italics

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36
Q

List the ranks of Hierarchical classification from the most inclusive to the least inclusive

A

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

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37
Q

Linnean Classification vs. Phylogeny
How do they differ?

A

Linnean uses physical characteristics, while Phylo uses evolutionary history (results of common ancestry: ex Morphology, Genes, Biochemistry of the relevant organisms)

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38
Q

What is the main limitation of the Linnaean classification?

A

t is based on morphological (physical) characteristics
* Groups organisms based on their “shared” characteristics (its static)

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39
Q

Homologous vs. Analogous Features
+ Definition

A

Homo: Phenotypic and genetic similarities due to shared ancestry
Ana: Similarities between organisms that are due to convergent evolution

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40
Q

Monophyletic, Paraphyletic, and Polyphyletic Groups

A

Mono: One tribe
Para: onsists of an ancestral species and SOME,
but not all, of its descendants
Poly: he most recent common ancestor is not part of
the group

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41
Q

Which of the following taxa are problematic when the goal is to construct phylogenies that accurately reflect evolutionary history
Paraphyletic
Polyphyletic
Monophyletic
Poly + Para

A

Poly + Para

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42
Q

By Definitions, a clade is _____ Para/Poly/monophyletic

A

monophyletic

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43
Q

Three living species X, Y, Z share common ancestor T, so do extinct species U and V. A grouping that consists species T, X, Y, and Z, but not U or V is a ________ group

A

Paraphyletic

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44
Q

Examples of homologous features

A

Human, cat, whale and bat forelimbs
Embryo

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45
Q

Example of analogous features

A

Bat, crow, and butterfly wings

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46
Q

What evidence did scientists use to hypothesize a relationship between birds and dinosaurs? Was it based on internal organs, behavior, or morphology?

A

Common ancestor based on behavior
Fossil of An Oviraptor crouching over a group of eggs in a posture
similar to how birds sit on their
nests today

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47
Q

What are the three domains of life?

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

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48
Q

What do Cell Walls of Plants, Fungi, and Bacteria contain

A

Plants: Cellulose
Fungi: Chitin
Bac: Peptidoglycan

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49
Q

What color do gram pos/neg stain

A

Pos: Purple
Neg: Pink

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50
Q

Why do Gram-Pos/Neg stain purple and pink?

A

Dye sticks to peptidoglycan, so gram-neg has the dye washed away

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51
Q

What are some structural differences between Gram pos/neg bac

A

Gram-positive has alot of Peptidoglycan and are less structurally complex

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52
Q

What is peptidoglycan

A

A polymer made of modified
sugars cross-linked by short
polypeptides

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53
Q

Bacteria Capsules

A
  • Dense and well-defined (or a
    slime layer)
  • Sticky outer layers enable them
    to adhere to their substrate or
    other individuals in a colony
    protect against dehydration
  • Shield pathogenic prokaryotes
    from their host’s attacks
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54
Q

Bacteria Endospores

A

Certain bacteria can develop
resistant cells called endospores
when they lack water or
essential nutrients
* Endospores are extremely
durable that they can survive in
boiling water
* In a less hostile environment,
endospores can remain dormant
but viable for centuries

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55
Q

Bacteria Fimbrae

A

hairlike structure to stick to their
substrate or to one another

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56
Q

What is binary fission, and what is the final product of this reproduction?

A

Asexual reproduction that creates a offspring that is genetically identical to the original parent cell
(Most bacteria reproduce this way)

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57
Q

Transformation
Transduction
Conjugation

A

Transform: the genotype
(and possibly phenotype) of a
prokaryotic cell is altered by the
uptake of foreign DNA from its
surroundings
Transduct: phages (or
bacteriophages; viruses that infect
bacteria) carry prokaryotic genes
from one host cell to another
Con: DNA is
transferred between two
prokaryotic cells (usually the same
species) that are temporarily joined (unidirectional)

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58
Q

Obligate Aerobe

A

must have O2 for cellular respiration and
can’t grow without oxygen

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59
Q

Obligate Anaerobe

A

oxygen is lethal for these organisms;
live exclusively by fermentation

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60
Q

Facultative Anaerobe

A

can use O2 if present, but can also
carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration without it!

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61
Q

Microaerophile

A

only likes small [O2]

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62
Q

What does “obligate” mean?

A

it needs it

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63
Q

What disease does Treponema Pallidum cause?

A

syphilis

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64
Q

Halophiles vs. thermophiles

A

halo= salty environment
thermo=hot environment

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65
Q

What does symbiosis mean?

A

Two species live in close
contact with each other
Usually, the larger organism
in this relationship is
considered a ‘host’ and the
smaller is known as the
‘symbiont’

66
Q

Mutualism vs. commensalism vs. parasitism
+ Examples

A

Mutual: Both species benefit (Clownfish+Sea Aneonme, mycorrhizae)
Comm: One benefits while the other is not harmed or helped (Cattle egrets)
One (parasite) harms (but
usually does not kill) their host (Ticks (animal w a parasitic mushroom= Mycosis)

67
Q

Why are protists considered not a formal taxon?

A

Protists are more closely related to plants, fungi, or animals than they are to other protists
Anything that is not a plant, fungi, or animal

68
Q

What is endosymbiosis, and how does it occur?

A

A relationship between
two species in which one
organism lives inside the
cell of another organism

69
Q

What disease does Trypanosoma cause, and how is it transmitted?

A

cause Chagas’
disease
* Transmitted by
bloodsucking insects and
can lead to congestive heart
failure
Uses bait and switch

70
Q

Some fungal species live in plants and can kill herbivores that feed on the plant. What type of relationship does this fungus have with its​ host?

A

mutualistic

71
Q

Most protists are ____cellular

A

Most protists are unicellular.

72
Q

Holdfast
stipe
blades
How do they compare to plant structures?

A

Algae Structures
Holdfast – a rootlike structure;
anchors down algae
Stipe – a stemlike structure
Blades – leaflike structure

73
Q

Sporophytes
gametophytes
How do they differ, and what do they produce?

A

Sporophytes – diploid individual; produces spores
The spores are haploid and move by flagella
Gametophytes – produce gametes

74
Q

What does plasmodium cause, and how does it use two different hosts (mosquitoes and humans)?

A

Causes Malaria
Sexual reproduction in the mosquito gut, asexual in humans

75
Q

Name of Red Algae vs. Green Algae

A

Red: rhodophytes
Green: Charophytes/Cholorophytes

76
Q

Green algae can be divided into two groups: What are they, and how do they differ?

A

Charophytes: Most like plants (water edges)
Choloropytes: Freshwater
sexual and asexual (marine and terrestrial)

77
Q

What are pediastrum commonly called, and what do they cause?

A

“Pond alga”
* Form colonies of individual cells
* Contribute to the pond scum

78
Q

What are Ulva commonly called, and what structures do they lack?

A

“Sea lettuce”
* Edible chlorophyte
* Have blades and holdfast
* Form true multicellular bodies
by cell division and
differentiation

79
Q

How do fungi retrieve nutrients, and how do they grow?

A

Heterotrophs that absorb nutrients (Decompose, mutualistic, parasitic)
Formation of multicellular filaments (hyphae) to grow

80
Q

What are the sexual and asexual modes of reproduction in fungi?

A

Sexual- Plasmogamy: The union of the cytoplasm of two parent mycelia
Karyogamy: haploid nuclei Fuse, making a diploid

asexually- by growing as filamentous fungi
Budding
fungi doesn’t have sexual
repro = deuteromycete

81
Q

Fungi are most closely related to which eukaryotic group?

A

Animalia

82
Q

How do fungi form mutualistic relationships with other species?

A

Absorb nutrients from a host organism
* Reciprocate with actions that benefit the host
EX: Make toxins that deter herbivores
Digestive services

83
Q

Which animals do Chytrid fungi impact?

A

Frogs/Amphibians

84
Q

In fungi, what are the filament structure? groups of them?

A

hyphae, mycelium

85
Q

branching hyphae that allow
fungi to exchange nutrients
with living plants

A

Arbuscules
Mycorrhizae

86
Q

Mycosis

A

general term for an
infection of an animal by a
fungal parasite

87
Q

Why did charophyte algae eventually move to land? What advantages did they gain by doing so?

A

natural selection favors individual
algae that can survive periods
when they are not submerged
(drying)
sporopollenin (prevents charophyte zygotes from drying out)
benefits
* Bright sunlight (unfiltered by water)
* More carbon dioxide
* Rich in minerals

88
Q

What unique features do plants have, and why are they important?

A
  1. Alternation of generations
  2. Walled spores produced in sporangia (protected by sporopollenin)
  3. Apical meristems- Localized regions of cell division at the tips of roots and shoots (Can continuously divide)
  4. Cuticles (wax & polymers)- “Waterproof” covering on the epidermis of many plant species (Prevents water loss)
  5. Stomata (sing. stoma)- Specialized pores, Allows for exchange of CO2 and O2 during photosynthesis
89
Q

Hepatophyta
What are they commonly called, and what shapes do they exhibit?

A

Liverworts
Liver-shaped gametophytes
“Thalloid” liverwort – flattened shape of gametophyte
“Leafy” liverwort – stemlike shape of gametophyte

90
Q

Xylem vs. Phloem
What are the directions of flow, the substances carried, and the organs involved?

A

Xylem = carries most of water and minerals from roots to shoots (One-way flow)

Phloem = carries sugars, amino acids, and other organic products (Two-way flow)

91
Q

Anthocerophyta
What are they commonly called, and what shapes do they exhibit?

A

hornworts
the long, tapered shape of the
sporophyte
Consists only of a sporangium- splits open and release mature spores at the tip (No seta)

92
Q

Bryophyta
What are they commonly called, and what shapes do they exhibit?

A

Mosses
carpet’ mosses composed mainly of gametophytes

93
Q

Homosporous vs. Heterosporous Plants
How many types of spores are produced by each?
Which one is bisexual (producing both eggs and sperm)?

A

homo:1 type of sporophyll that bears 1 type of sporangium that produces 1 type of spore (BIsexual)
hetero: 2 types of sporophylls (leaves that bear sporangia [structures that produce spores])

94
Q

Which type of plant has gametophyte dominance, and which has sporophyte dominance?

A

Vascular plants’ life cycles have dominant sporophytes
Nonvasc have dominant gametophyte

95
Q

Why are most species considered evergreens? What advantages do they gain by staying green year-round?

A
96
Q

Micro/Megaphylls

A

Microphylls – small, spine-shaped
leaves supported by a single strand
of vascular tissue
* Megaphylls – highly branched
vascular system; greater
photosynthetic productivity than
microphylls

97
Q

What are the functions of fruits?

A

Protection/dispersal of seeds

98
Q

Sporophylls

A

modified leaves
that bear sporangia

99
Q

Strobili (sing. strobilus) –

A

cone-like structures that hold sporangia

100
Q

2 sexual organs of a flower
2 sterile

A

Carpels (F) and stamens (M)
sterile=petals + sepal (green leave surrounding flower)

101
Q

Parts of carpel

A

Stigma – sticky part of carpel; receives pollen
* Style - stalk
* Ovary – where egg-containing ovules develop

Pistil – can be used to refer to a single
carpel or a group of fused carpels

102
Q

Parts of stamen

A

Filament – stalk portion
* Anther – terminal sac where pollen grains form

103
Q

Cells, tissues, and organs
What are they? How are they made up?

A

Cell: unit of life
Tissue: A group of cells that perform a specialized function together
Organ: Consists of several types of
tissues that carry out a particular
function together

104
Q

What is the Shoot system composed of?
What functions does it primarily serve?

A

Stems, Leaves, Flowers
Depends on water and minerals from roots
Function = elongate/orient the
shoot to maximize photosynthesis
Components:
* Nodes – where leaves are
attached + Internodes

105
Q

What is the root system composed of?
What functions does it primarily serve?

A

Anchor it to the soil
Absorb and transport minerals and water
Store food (usually carbs)
Dependent on shoots

Root hairs – thin, finger-like
extensions of root epidermal cells
that emerge and increase the surface area of the root

106
Q

Primary vs. Secondary growth
What controls these mechanisms?

A

Primary: Apical meristems – located at
root and shoot tips; enable
primary growth (growth in
length)
Secondary: lateral meristems- Vascular cambium, Cork cambium

107
Q

3 components of leaves

A

Blade – flattened portion of leaf
Petiole – stalk that joins the leaf
to the stem at a node
Veins – vascular tissue
Monocots generally parallel
Eudicots generally branched

108
Q

3 types of plant tissue

A

Dermal
- Guard cells – involved in gas
exchange
- Trichomes – hairlike
outgrowth on a plant shoot (reduce water loss and
reflect excess light
Vascular
- transport of materials
throughout plant
- Mechanical support
Ground
- Tissue that is neither dermal
nor vascular
- Pith – ground tissue internal to
vascular tissue
- Cortex – ground tissue external
to vascular tissue

109
Q

How isn’t plant growth limited to the embryonic and juvenile stage (in other words, how can they grow indefinitely)?

A

Meristem – plant tissue that
remains embryonic as long as
the plant lives

110
Q

Apical meristems produce 3 types
of primary meristems:

A
  • Protoderm → dermal tissue
    (epidermis)
  • Ground meristem → ground tissue
    (photosynthesis, storage, & support)
  • Procambium → vascular tissue
    (xylem & phloem; transport)
111
Q

What is self-pruning in plants?

A

nonproductive leaves or branches undergo programmed cell death
Less shading of higher leaves
(respiration < photosynthesis)
* In general, more leaves = more
self-pruning

112
Q

How is osmosis controlled by water potential (how does it direct water flow)?

A

the diffusion of free water across a membrane (Not bound to solutes)

Water will move from [high water
potential] → [low water potential]. from a low [solute] to high [solute].

113
Q

What does transpiration mean (how is this process performed)?

A

the process by which moisture (water) is carried through the tree from roots to stomata
Controlled by the stomata and guard cells
Stimulants: Light, CO2, ‘internal clock’
via xylem

114
Q

What does translocation mean (how is this process performed)?

A

Regulates movement of
photosynthates (products of
photosynthesis)
Via Phloem
Primarily downward direction
(but can be upward)

115
Q

What are the plants that are specifically adapted to living and surviving in dry and arid conditions?

A

Xerophytes
fleshy stems, reduced leaves, and stomata that are closed during the day

116
Q

Cephalocereus senilis (old man cactus) is adapted to desert due to?

A

Long, white hairlike bristles help reflect the intense sunlight and keep insects off

117
Q

Apoplast vs Symplast

A

Apoplast – everything external
to the plasma membrane of a
plant cell
* Symplast – continuum of
cytosol connected by
plasmodesmata between cells

118
Q

Which is more vulnerable to being leached anions or cations in soil?

what is leaching?

A

anions 9do not bind to neg charge soil)
Leaching: percolation of water through soil

119
Q

How do farmers combat the depletion of minerals in soil?

A

crop rotation (planting plants that help absorb/replenish minerals)

120
Q

What are the 3 minerals included in inorganic soil
What does each number represent?

A

nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), and potassium (K)
ratio of each mineral

121
Q

What is phytoremediation? Why is this important?

A

Nondestructive biotechnology that takes advantage of some plant
species’ abilities to extract heavy metals/other pollutants from the soil and concentrate them in easily harvested portions of the plant
Ex: Thlaspi caerulescens can
accumulate zinc 300x higher than
most plants can tolerate.

122
Q

6 major Macronutrience
1 micronutrience

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen. Oxygen, Phosphorous, Sulfur
Micro: sodium

123
Q

What nitrogenous compounds can plants absorb?

A

nitrate: NO3-
ammonium: NH4+

124
Q

Rhizobacteria

A

bacteria that live either in close association with plant roots (the rhizosphere) or with closely surrounding plant roots
protection (antibiotics), toxic metal
absorption, and nitrogen
fixation

125
Q

Epiphytes

A

Plants that grow on another plant

126
Q

Plants prefer _________ soil

A

slightly acidic

127
Q

sexual reproduction of animals

A

Gametic meiosis
* Gametes (n) made by meiosis
* Zygotes (2n) made by
fertilization (i.e., syngamy)

128
Q

How do you go from zygote to gastrula?

A
  1. Once there is a zygote, it
    undergoes cleavage (multiple
    mitotic cell divisions without
    cell growth).
  2. Cleavage leads to a
    multicellular, embryonic,
    hollow cell called a blastula.
  3. Gastrulation occurs next,
    where one end of the embryo
    folds inward and expands.
  4. Gastrulation results in the
    layers of embryonic tissues
  5. The resulting stage is called a
    gastrula.
129
Q

What is a larval stage? How does it differ from the adult stage?

A

A larva is a sexually immature
form of an animal that is
morphologically distinct from the
adult
(Eat different food & Have a different habitat)

130
Q

example of bilateral symmetry

A

Lobster

131
Q

example of radial symmetry

A

Hydra (polyp)

132
Q

example of asymmetric symmetry

A

Sponge

133
Q

Diploblastic vs. triploblastic
How many germ layers does each have? What layers are they composed of?

A

Diplo: 2 layers, endo + ecto
Triplo: 3 layers, endo + meso + ecto

134
Q

Protostomes vs. deuterostomes
Mouth or anus first?

A

Proto: Mouth
Deutero: Anus

135
Q

Why are sponges not considered true animals?

A

they lack true tissues

136
Q

How do sponges feed?

A

Filter feeders – filter out generally large food
particles that are commonly suspended in
the water column

137
Q

What are some specialized cells that are found within sponges?

A

Choanocytes – flagellated cells that engulf bacteria and other food
particles by phagocytosis

Amoebocytes - amoeba-like cell that moves by pseudopodia
* take up food from the surrounding water
* totipotent (capable of becoming other types of sponge cells)

138
Q

What does hermaphroditism mean?
How do these animals reproduce?

A

each individual functions as both
male and female in reproduction by producing sperm AND eggs
sexual (pen fencing)

139
Q

What is coral bleaching? How would global warming/rising temperature of the ocean impact them?

A

bleach: Increase in seawater temperatures clears out
their algal symbionts
Coral looses major food, looses color, and is susceptible to disease
Hotter=more bleaching

140
Q

Gills vs. lungs
What purpose do they both serve?
What may be a difference between these two structures?

A

Lungs are for gas exchange
Gills can be used for feeding and gas exchange
Gills have mucus that coats their lungs and allows for filter feeding

141
Q

What does being ubiquitous mean?

A

found everywhere

142
Q

Hemolymph
Analogous structure found in a closed circulatory system?

A

Contains hemolymph (a fluid that
functions in internal transport of
nutrients and waste)
* Analogous to human blood

143
Q

Trichinella spiralis
What do they cause?
How do you obtain them?

A

Causes trichinosis
* Obtained by eating raw or
undercooked pork/meat
* Juvenile worms live inside
pork/meat muscle tissue

144
Q

Complete vs. incomplete metamorphosis

A

In: young (nymphs) resemble
adults but are smaller, have
different body proportions, and lack wings
Complete: Larval stage looks completely different from adult stage (specialized for eating+growing) includes pupal stage

145
Q

Of the 3 groups discussed, what was important about Chordata?

A

Chordates are Deuterostomia

146
Q

4 key characteristics of chordates

A
  1. The common ancestor of all
    vertebrates had a skull and
    backbone composed of
    vertebrae.
  2. Hagfishes and lampreys are a sister group to all other animals (and most distantly related)
  3. Limbs with digits was a key development for terrestrial life.
  4. An amniotic egg is only found in
    reptiles and mammals.
147
Q

Cyclostomes vs. gnathostomes

A

Cyclo: no Jaw (hagfish(Class Myxini) and lampreys (Petromyzontida)
Gnath: jawed

148
Q

Chondrichthyes vs. osteichthyes
What are their common names?
How do they differ?

A

Chon: cartilage fish (sharks + rays)
Osteichthyes: bony-fish

nearly all living osteichthyans have an ossified (bony) endoskeleton while Chondrichthyes have skeletons made of cartilage

149
Q

Sharks need to continuously swim (two reasons)

A

Prevents sinking (denser than water)
* Ensures constant water flow (mouth-> gills) for gas exchange

150
Q

Why do amphibians require damp habitats?

A

moist skin for respiration
eggs dehydrate

151
Q

Amniotic egg
Where does the name stem from?
What are the components of the amniotic eggs? (4)

A

Amniotic egg is named for one of the extra membranes, the amnion
Components
- Chorion – eliminates
nitrogenous waste and
functions in gas exchange
- Yolk sac – contains yolk +
nutrients
- Allantois – disposal for
metabolic wastes
- Amnion- fluid filled cavitycusions from mechanical shock

152
Q

ectothermic vs. endothermic animals

A

Ecto:External heat is absorbed as main source of body heat (changes behavior)
Endo: Can maintain internal temp through metabolism

153
Q

Crocodilians
What are they composed of?
Can you tell the differences between the two species?

A

Crocs + Alligators
Crocs: V shaped snout, more aggressive, salt water
Alli: U shaped snout, less agressive, freshwater

154
Q

How did birds adapt their morphology/physiology to be able to fly?

A

Strong pectoralis muscles and feathers
Wings are remodeled tetrapod
forelimbs
* Bones have a honeycombed
internal structure and are filled
with air (light bones)
* Downy feathers provide
insulation

155
Q

What are the flightless birds called?

A

Ratites

156
Q

Oviparous vs. viviparous mammals
Which is the egg-laying animal?
examples

A

OvI: lay eggs that
hatch outside the mother’s body (fish)
Vivi: young develops within the uterus and obtain nourishment prior to birth by receiving nutrients from the mother’s blood through a yolk sac placenta (mammals)

157
Q

New World vs. Old World monkeys

A

All species of New World monkeys are arboreal, whereas Old World monkeys include ground-dwelling as well as arboreal species

158
Q

2 Misconceptions about human evolution

A
  1. Humans are not chimpanzees,
    nor did they evolve from
    chimpanzees.
  2. Human evolution is not a
    ”ladder” that leads directly from
    an ancestral ape to H. sapiens.
159
Q

Opposable thumbs
What species show this feature?
How do they serve different purposes in different species, including humans?

A

Primates
Mnkey + ape: opposable thumb functions in a grasping “power grip”
Human: precise manipulation

160
Q

What is the study of human evolution/origin?

A

Paleoanthropology

F24 (6 decks)

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